The Tobacco Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tobacco Industry - Essay ExampleThis paper will examine the historical mechanisms through which the tobacco companies exercised their political influence, assess whether they influenced the in the public eye(predicate) policy process legitimately, and discuss how this particular case drive affects people generally.As a preliminary matter, from an historical point of view, the tobacco industry has close certainly influenced the public policy process. Their general approach has been essentially twofold. First, the tobacco industry has relied for many decades on financial contributions made to political parties and to individual candidates and incumbents. These financial contributions were not made on the basis of any particular ideological affinity indeed, until the election of the Clinton administration in the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry contributed roughly the akin amount to twain political parties. This changed, however when the Clinton administration began to highligh t the public health issues involving tobacco. In short, financial contributions were used for many years to influence both parties after Clinton took a harder stand against tobacco, the contributions continued but predominantly in favor of the Republican Party. These contributions were supplemented by financial contributions, made through political perform committees,, to individual candidates and incumbents. In addition to these soft money contributions, a second mechanism was the creation, funding, and support of lobbying groups with interests in line with those of the tobacco industry. As the case study notes, the tobacco industry, either of its own initiative or through its proxy, the Tobacco Institute, funded or supported advocacy groups, think tanks, and other research projects consistent with their economical and public policy aims. There was no particular concern for scientific integrity quite the contrary, as the case study explains, the tobacco industry was most interest ed in partisan research that could be used to influence public policy in it is favor. In sum, these financial contributions and lobbying efforts formed the primary mechanisms by which the tobacco industry influenced public policy. This influence was profound and remarkably successful to be sure, the tobacco industry had never lost a product financial obligation lawsuit until 1996, and governmental efforts to regulate tobacco had been fundamentally feeble. The question, in hindsight, is whether the tobacco industry influenced the public policy process in a legitimate manner. The rejoinder must be, despite technical niceties, a resounding no. This is because the tobacco industry effectively corrupted the public policy process for its own ends sooner than contributing to an honest public discussion. Politicians were afraid to lose their financial

The Moussaoui Trial Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Moussaoui Trial - Case Study ExampleThe prosecution, and public opinion, pursued the charges on the basis of the emotional tidal wave in the wake of 9/11. By legal standards, the trial was questionable, though technically correct. By clean- life story and ethical standards, Moussaoui did not have an opportunity for a fair trial under the intent of the law and was convicted as an example as the only living perpetrator loosely connected to Al Quedas 9/11 action.The Federal Bureau of Investigation had lost credibility with their under handling of the Moussaoui situation in late August 2001. After extensive questioning of Moussaoui the FBI was convinced that he has some connection to a terrorist network. According to testimony by FBI agent scourge Samit, there were multiple signs of a possible terrorist link. Samit testified,I was aware that frequently terrorists to mask suspicious travel or frequent travel, that couldnt be explained by their profession or by their nationality, w ould regularly destroy passports accidentally or report them stolen in order to mask that travel, so they werent carrying incriminating entry and exit stamps (testimonial, 888).Clearly Moussaoui fit all these criteria for suspicion. However, the most the FBI could legally charge Moussaoui with was a Visa violation. He was ar be on August 17, merely posted bond and was released on August 20, 2001 (Testimony, 898). Moussaouis arrest and quick release was the result of disinterested attitudes by FBI administrators as well as policies that were legally hampered by bureaucracy. In the review of 9/11, the FBI had an image to protect.As a map to the road the trial was to take, we need to look no farther than the opening statement of U.S. attorney Robert Spencer. though there was never any evidence that Moussaoui had any detailed knowledge of 9/11 prior to the action, the prosecution painted a different picture. In his opening remarks, Spencer declares, One of the people in that plan, one of the conspirators is among us still, right here in this courtroom today. That man is the defendant, Zacarias Moussaoui (Opening Statement, 22). The governments case rested to a large degree on the fact that Moussaoui had lied to Federal agents in August 2001. But were the lies responsible for 9/11 Did Moussaoui have detailed or even cursory information of the imminent attack Spencer contends that he did when he states in the opening statement, And with that lie, his differentiate, he caused the deaths of nearly 3,000 people, the destruction of the Trade Towers in New York, part of the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and four commercial aircraft (Opening Statement, 24). The FBIs assertion and Spencers opening remarks are refuted by the written testimony given by sheik Kahlid Mohammed. Sheikh Mohammed contends that, ... Missaoui did not know Atta and there was never any contact between the two of them (Substitution, 3). Missaoui may have had intentions of carrying out a future at tack, but evidence does not show that he had any involvement in 9/11. Mohammed further explains Missaouis role and claims that he was to participate in a here and now wave of attacks that had not yet been planned and had not even been formulated to the point of deciding the type of attack (Substitution, 39). Though Mohammmed

Chinese media boundaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese media boundaries - Essay ExampleIn light of the above findings, it is evident that there trends necessitating disconnection when it come to this vital field. The media undoubtedly plays an eventful role in the lives of people. People relies on this institution for news and other information. As a result, it is vital to ensure that whatever is reported is free from usage or bias. It is for this reason that a research is conducted to identify the issues that influence coverage. This paper proposes the following as the research questions for the research Does variance in political and political structures influence how media report government-related cases? Can the media be entirely free from manipulation? Should patriotism be a defining factor when reporting or should the truth be reported irrespective of the impact? Does the Wests level of civilization in comparison to Chinas contribute to the way reporting is done? As noted above, reporting normally varies with different media houses let alone nations meaning it can never be uniform. That is to say, there is a fortune of Americas NBC to report the same news with CNN but from a very different context. According to Groseclose (2011), Ruschmann (2006), Davenport (2010) and Sloan & Mackay (2007) this discrepancy is fuelled by a number of issues including the theme of reporting, the interpretation and the validity of the source. In this case involving the Chinese, the problem is important because the cities in which the protests are taking place are vital to business world.

Your Opinion on Chapter 2 on Pictures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Your Opinion on Chapter 2 on Pictures - Essay Examplee) (Sporre 32) could be illustrated with the description of devastating toil and health losses which Sistine chapel actually came to be for Michelangelo (Michelangelo Paints the Sistine Chapel). Plausibly, such explications are often given in the passages about photography for instance, Stieglitz took his city photos with a new technology that allowed delineation the streets in motion only if was virtually impossible for the previous generation of photographers (Sporre 41). Another interesting case of technique description occurs in the paragraph distinguishing amidst baroque and post-impressionism the latter, Sporre insists, was more formalistic in a sense that it exhibited rather the very tools of picture making (brush strokes etc.) than mere content (31).The list of exemplifying flora is remarkable for its multiculturality Sporre includes not only acknowledged Western painters but also the work by Native American watercolor painter Harrison Begay and Thomas Joshua coopers photography with intriguing description (42) the author also mentions social and gender problems in the discussion of Dorothea Langes (45) and Betye Saars (33) works. Some of the described techniques and moving-picture show characteristics are distinctly Asian for instance, wash and brush technique (Sporre 30) and shifting perspective (Sporre 58-59). What the chapter lacks is a section about painting and photography genres there is a whole body of landscape, portrait, and still life theory that is useful in artwork interpretation.A separate section is dedicated to the theory of colors (grayscale and the mixing of colors) (Sporre 51-52). This section could be useful not only for art connoisseurs but also for those who would like to master graphic redactors. Again, several passages about optics could be added to this section, but it already contains enough of useful information.Begay, Harrison. Women Picking Corn. N. d. National Mus eum of American Indian, Smithsonian Institution. Sporre,

E-World Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-World Communication - Essay ExampleThey will develop an impression of others from the interpersonal information that they assemble and if they like what has been formed in their minds, based on what has been written, then they will get to know each other more.who communicate others face to face is address in the book titled, A First Look at Communication Theory. The book corresponds with Walthers social information theory, which suggests that people can still draw scalelike with the same quality and quantity of interpersonal knowledge but at an extended amount of time. Using the film Youve Got Mail as a compositors case study the books author Griff (date) states that (the characters) words illustrate the verbal cues and extended time features of SIP theory, as well as Walthers subsequent thinking. If people form respectable impressions of each other via CMC, then the self-fulfilling prophecy of a persons expectations causing another to respond accordingly will occur. Believe in it and it will happen is essentially what this prophecy suggests.Simon (2005) reports that the SIP theory suggests, The persons behavioral response to the cues occurs as a function of a sequence of mental p

Waldseemller map Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Waldseemller subprogram - Article Exampler maps recorded in the 1500s such as Henricus Martellus or Martin Behaim maps that used the Geography (Ptolemy) and the Caveri planisphere, the Waldseemller 1507 map gets right most of the mapping of the foundation mapping and tells us much about European knowledge of the ground in the early sixteenth century.While the other maps during that time are ambiguous in representing the eastern coastline for Asia and Europe, the Waldseemller 1507 map gets right by making a distinction those coastline from the American coastline (Hessler 63).The Waldseemller map designates the existence of the trans-Atlantic region in Spain and the Asian Ptolemy as displayed on the Behaim globe representation in 1492. The Waldseemller map of 1507 is today ascribe basically as the mother of all the other maps we use today as it has been used as a credible source for those maps.Waldseemllers world map is an important product of research effort that spans from the si xteen century. It was developed using resourceful data gathered during the era of the Amerigo Vespuccis voyages between 1501 and 1502. Waldseemller christened the American land in recognition of Vespuccis data by uncovering a new continent namely America as a import of the Columbus voyages and other late fifteen century explorers (Hessler 75).The Waldseemllers map therefore, supported Vespuccis revolutionary concept by portraying the New World. This is what the map tells us about European knowledge of the world in the early sixteenth because prior to it, the separate continent which the map represents was unknown to the Europeans. The map was the set-back manuscript that was printed clearly depicting a separate Western Hemisphere which it distinct from the Pacific Ocean and the African coastline (Hessler 76). The map gets all these aspects right and represents a huge spring forward in knowledge across Europe and it forever changed the European understanding which still remains tod ay that the world is

What shapes historical development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What square offs historical development - Essay ExampleTo analyze, since the beginning of time, the nature of homo has been disposed to the interest of discoveries which has apparently guided them to establish civilizations and lay foundations for knowledge of various fields. Hence, as kind-hearteds search for a sense of identity, of humanity, or of the true statement in what they are in relation to others of their kind and the environment, in general, they inevitably do tasks or perform activities that create unseen force essential to development from one state of nature to the next. The capacity and attitude for quest occurs to be the key which enables men to adapt, make changes, and explore possibilities in order to have a meaningful existence. As a rational being, man thinks and such intrinsic ability to form logical thoughts or ideas is crucial to mans compute of satisfying a bulk of curiosities and needs, whether concrete or abstract in form. In this manner, thus, men alo ng with their searching nature, skills, vision, deeds, and ways of thinking chiefly shape the course of historical development. Because humans influence each other in a vast number of ways, time after time, early civilizations develop into a more complex system of relations where they have gradually discovered efficient means and tools of sustaining life and addressing different challenges of living. Eventually, there emerged the intertwined concept of progress and victory as men come to understand more deeply the value of human intelligence, of reason, and of persevering act necessary to achieve goals in the study of science, religion, philosophy, arts, music, and literature. The change magnitude knowledge on these subject areas allows formation of cultures and societies that are distinct from each other and such distinction affects historical context. Moreover, it is through knowledge that men witness themselves as sensible individuals and learn of power and conquest for which economy and politics matter in further structuring the norms of ethics and moral law within a society. When nations march for war against one another, this event would undoubtedly mark a point of development as history exhibits how ideals differ depending on the political and scotch position of a country involved compared to the rest. Consequently, the similarities and dissimilarities in beliefs or views of men identify what a nation, culture, or average community is made of and illustrate that differences among human perspectives herein can be vital player in determining specific factors by which historical development proceeds in any fragment of the world. It turns out that, for as long as men can manage to acquire and apply knowledge, as well as become socio-politically aware, and engage in scientific, literary, or philosophical efforts for the sake of attaining power and progress, then historical development continues to be modified through interactions and the events to which they yield. Does this historical development have a ensample? If so, what is this pattern? Yes. Historical development seems to be patterned after a process in which a civilization or a nation rises in power as an empire then declines or falls weak after sometime due to conflicts originating either from the side of the ruler or that of the subjects or people whose economic or cultural issues have not been settled or dealt with in proper terms. A historically critical person may observe a cycle where the state of economy varies directly as the state of politics so that the principal workers of this system are normally headed to the