IRA Peace Settlement Essays - Politics Of Europe,

IRA Peace Settlement The Irish Republican Army, otherwise called the IRA, is a parliamentary and patriot association that contradicts the association of Northern Ireland to Great Britain. The IRA is likewise committed to the production of a solitary brought together Irish state. The name IRA got from the veterans of the Easter Battles of 1916. The fight was battled for help of Irish autonomy. In like manner the IRA turned into the political division of the Sinn Fein party. The political pioneers of Britain and Ireland, arranged a settlement that fused 26 of Ireland's districts as the Irish Free State. The rest of Ireland, remained some portion of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republican Army started to decay after Eamon de Valera turned into an executive and assumed control over the Irish government. The IRA and the Irish state were in consistent clash, during the 1930s and 1940s. The IRA began to focus on Northern Ireland during the 1950s. The IRA attempted to pick up favor from Northern Ireland, however fizzled. In 1969 the IRA began new extreme social changes in Northern Ireland, and the British government couldn't defeat them following twelve years. This emergency likewise permitted the IRA to make an exceptional rebound. The Irish Republican Army was part into two gatherings. The authorities, which advanced a Socialist Ireland by majority rule implies, and provisionals, that advanced psychological oppression. In 1972 the Provisional IRA's psychological oppressor strategies prompted the destruction of the Northern Ireland government. From 1972 to 1994 the Provisional IRA kept up their crusade on ending British casualties in Northern Ireland and Britain. On August 31, 1994, the Irish Republican Army declared a truce. This would influence the 25-year-old fight against British control of Northern Ireland. This truce came to fruition from quite a while of classified gatherings between the IRA and the British government. This game plan for harmony is known as the Bringing down Street Declaration. The debate between Northern Ireland and Britain started with Roman Catholic complaints against bias by the protestant larger part in the nation. English soldiers were sent into Northern Ireland to watch the nation. They despite everything stayed there in 1994. The Catholic minority needed a get-together with the Republic of Ireland, which was chiefly Catholic. The Protestants of Northern Ireland opposed the reunification. The IRA gave no measure of time for the term of the truce, nor did they give up their weapons. There were two prior truces in 1972 and 1975, however they neglected to last. Patriots, supporters of the Irish Republican Army and others have become worn out on the Northern Ireland struggle, and commended the declaration of the truce. The IRA has directed its units to comply with a total stop of military activities. In the main open gathering between Gerry Adams (the pioneer of Sinn Fein), Albert Reynolds (the Irish Republic's PM), and John Hume (the pioneer of Northern Ireland's Catholic patriot), the British government was not satisfied with the expressing of the truce. The British government was carefully idealistic about the gathering. A political embarrassment prompted the breakdown of the Irish government in Dublin. Consistently, Dublin went about as a shelter between the Irish, British and American governments. The head administrator Albert Reynolds was supplanted by John Bruton. A fear monger, supporter and Protestant local army called the Ulster Defense Association shot and murdered a Catholic man. The followers work with the thoughtful Protestant officials in the Royal Ulster Constabulary. This demonstrated the IRA was by all account not the only powerful gathering in the Northern Ireland emergency. The Protestant volunteer army not long after the executing called a truce. This gathering was liable for additional passings than the IRA, in the two years before the truce was called. Ian Paisley, a pioneer of the Ulster Unionist Party, fought that the IRA must acquiescence their arms before any contact between the IRA and the British government can continue. Paisley additionally kept on opposing the possibility of delegates of Sinn Fein to participate in all the gatherings managing the eventual fate of Northern Ireland. Gerry Adams and Britain haggle over the matter of IRA demilitarization. Adams contended that weapons of the British armed force and the Northern Irish police can be consolidated in the discussions. The British government consented to Adams demand just if the truce

Of Human Agony free essay sample

I have decided to expound on a specific bit of writing, Of Human Agony, composed by Irene and Carl Horowitz, which has profoundly affected my life. Irene and Carl Horowitz are my distant auntie and uncle on my moms side. They are Holocaust survivors who went to the United States after World War II and are directly living in Brooklyn, New York. As the years passed, Irene and Carl felt constrained to record their war encounters for people in the future. They chose to compose a book. Irene and Carl were Polish Jews when Hitler took control in 1939, and for the following quite a long while they endured the destiny of such a significant number of Hitlers casualties. Overnight, they lost their homes, guardians, companions, and nearly their own lives. Until the war at long last finished in 1945, their day by day battle was a urgent one of constancy and perseverance. My distant auntie was blessed to spend the war years covering up in a well. We will compose a custom article test on Of Human Agony or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Through winter and summer she stayed hid under leaves, just ready to rise after dim for food and water. The well before long got swarmed with different Jews looking for a break from Hitlers tenacious attack. At long last on August 8, 1944 news showed up that the Russians had driven out the Germans. Irene was so bug and lice plagued that she was half dead from frailty, yet she was free finally. In another piece of Poland, Carl was scanning for any chance to maintain a strategic distance from his own fate. He was on a passing walk to Auschwitz, when an elderly person selling apples showed up by the roadside. He made a urgent jump for security, confiding in God in the pretense of this lady who shrouded him and helped him discover a course to opportunity. My grandparents are likewise characters in this horrendous dramatization and their experiences no less nerve racking. I have perused numerous books throughout my life. Many portray demonstrations of valor or maybe superhuman commitment to some reason, yet none will hold the quality and mental fortitude for me that this book does. To meet my distant auntie and uncle, or my grandma and granddad, one could never speculate the tremendous impediments they have survived. Their endurance and recuperation will consistently and always rouse me. My distant auntie says they were simply casualties, yet to me they are legends.

Health Risks and Diseases of Smoking

Health Risks and Diseases of Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print Health Risks and Diseases of Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 21, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 krisanapong detraphiphat / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. If asked which smoking-related disease is the number one cause of death among smokers, most people would probably guess lung cancer or emphysema. While both diseases do claim many lives each year, more smokers actually die from heart disease than any other smoking-related condition. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States within the general population.?? Many risk factors for cardiovascular disease are related to a persons lifestyle, including smoking cigarettes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that tobacco use accounts for up to 10% of cardiovascular disease-related deaths globally each year.?? In addition to being hard on the heart, smoking also contributes to other chronic conditions and diseases that can lead to disability and even death. According to the CDC, for every person who dies from a smoking-related cause, there are 30 people living with a smoking-related disease.?? Global Smoking Statistics Smokings Effects on Health The World Health Organizations tobacco use statistics indicate that approximately 7 billion worldwide people die smoking-related deaths every year.?? Furthermore, its not just smokers who suffer the effects of tobacco use: The WHO statistics show that an additional 1.2 million people who dont smoke die each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. In the United States alone, cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, with around one in five people dying a smoking-related death every year.?? Part of what makes smoking so deadly are the chemical compounds used to make cigarettes. According to the American Lung Association, more than 7,000 chemicals are present in a lit cigaretteâ€"at least 69 of which are known to cause cancer.?? Additionally, many of the 600-some ingredients found in a single cigarette can be toxic including ammonia, lead, carbon monoxide, arsenic, and formaldehyde (the fluid used to embalm dead bodies). The destructive health consequences of smoking cigarettes are widespread. While some are outwardly visible (such as yellow teeth and nails or a smokers cough), many of the negative effects of smoking are internal and may buildup slowly overtime. Here are just a few examples of how smoking can affect each system of your body. Brain, Head, and Neck Tobacco use can cause many physical health conditions, but it can also affect your mental health. Depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions are common in people who use substances, including tobacco. According to the CDC, smokers are more likely to experience depression than non-smokers.?? One of the more obvious consequences of smoking that is related to both physical and mental health is the altered brain chemistry that occurs when someone uses tobacco. When someone is addicted to smoking and tries to quit, they will likely experience nicotine withdrawal. What Its Like to Be Addicted to Smoking Smoking can also change the brain on a physical level. For example, the thickening and narrowing of blood vessels that result from smoking increases a persons risk of having a stroke.?? Eyes and Nose Whether youre smoking yourself or just standing downwind of someone who is, a waft of cigarette smoke can easily irritate the eyes, causing stinging and watering. In the longterm, exposure to cigarette smoke can also lead to: CataractsMacular degenerationReduced sense of smell Mouth, Teeth, and Throat Smoking cigarettes can lead to yellow-stained teeth and bad breath, but there are also other health consequences for the mouth, teeth, and throat, including: Sore throatReduced sense of tasteGum disease (gingivitis)Plaque buildupCavitiesTeeth that are loose or fall outGraves diseaseThyroid diseaseOral cancers (lips, mouth, throat, larynx); cancer of the esophagus Hair, Skin, and Nails Smoking is often associated with discolored and brittle nails, hair that smells of cigarettes, and bad breath. There are also other effects that are more than skin deep, including: Wrinkles and premature agingPoor circulation (e.g., cold hands and feet)Peripheral vascular diseaseBuergers diseaseGangrene How Smoking Damages Your Skin Heart and Lungs Tobacco smoke harms, blocks, and weakens arteries of the heart (atherosclerosis) which increases a persons risk of cardiovascular disease.?? Other cardiopulmonary conditions attributed to smoking include: Heart attackLung cancerChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysemaSmokers cough and sputumAsthmaShortness of breathFrequent coldsPneumoniaIncreased risk of complications from tuberculosis and influenza Digestion and Urinary System Smoking can also affect your bodys ability to digest and eliminate nutrients from what you eat and drink. It can also lead to specific conditions, such as: Stomach and duodenal ulcersAortic aneurysmCancers of stomach, pancreas, colon, kidneys, and bladder How Smoking Affects Your Metabolism Bones Smoking weakens the bones, making it more likely that a person will get injured if they fall or are in an accident.?? Osteoporosis can increase a persons risk of fractures (such as a broken hip). Degenerative disc disease damages the bones of the spine, which can cause neck and back pain. Blood, Inflammation, and Immunity Smoking can increase the levels of inflammation in the body, which can make the symptoms of certain health conditions (such as fibromyalgia) worse. Heightened levels of inflammation in the body are also known to contribute to the development of cancer and cardiovascular disease.?? Smoking is a known risk factor for certain blood cancers (leukemia). Smoking also reduces immunity, putting a person at risk for infection and making it harder for their body to heal from an illness or injury. People who have autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and lupus may notice that smoking increases the duration, frequency, and intensity of their flares.?? Reproductive Health, Pregnancy, and Smoking The effects of smoking can begin even before conception, affecting both male and female reproduction: Sperm deformity, loss of motility, reduced numberInfertilityImpotencePeriod painEarly menopauseCervical cancer Smoking during pregnancy poses risks to both the person who is pregnant and the developing fetus.?? Possible complications that may occur during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and in the postpartum period include: Spontaneous abortion or miscarriageEctopic pregnancyPlacental abruptionPlacenta previaPremature rupture of membranesPremature birthNewborn small for gestational ageStillbirthBirth defects (e.g., congenital limb reduction)Increased nicotine receptors in the newborns brain A baby born to a parent who uses tobacco is also at risk for smoking-related health effects as they grow up. Research has shown that children of smokers may be more likely to smoke as teens, more likely to develop respiratory illnesses and conditions like asthma, and may even be more prone to anxiety disorders compared to their peers who arent exposed to cigarette smoke.?? How Secondhand Smoke Hurts Kids A Word From Verywell Even though the list of diseases known to be associated with smoking is already very long, its incomplete. We dont yet fully understand all of the dangers that cigarette smoke presents, and the research is ongoing. What we do know is that cigarettes snuff life out at an alarming rate. Statistics tell us that around half of longterm smokers will die a smoking-related death. Globally, that translates to nearly five million deaths a year. Put another way, someone loses their life to smoking every eight seconds somewhere in the world. Humans are incredibly resilient, and its never too late to quit. While not all of the damage caused by smoking cigarettes can be reversed, research has shown that some of the damage can be healedâ€"even after years of smoking. Practical Tools to Help You Quit Smoking

How The Hollywood Writers And Filmmakers Present Other...

How the Hollywood writers and filmmakers present other ethnicities in its productions? The standard images of the diversity in America formed the offending stereotypes that other ethnic people wanted to break. The stereotypes of the other ethnicities easily can be found in the Hollywood films and shows that influenced the America. As John R. Terry stated in the Hollywood, Racial Depictions in, â€Å"The construction of these images follows a pattern in Hollywood of reproducing stereotypes, yet there are also independent filmmakers who have offered positive depictions of these groups† (333). The Hollywood writers and directors have a social responsibility to avoid stereotyping the ethnic characters on the topics of racial stereotypes, gendered†¦show more content†¦Also the films, which are originated from the Asia, have the whitewashed Asian characters by a white or Caucasian actor, who put on make-up as Asian character. The Ghost in the Shell (2017) is the Japanese or iginated film that casted a white actress Scarlett Johansson as main character and Dr. Strange (2016) casted the Caucasian actress Tilda Swinton as the Ancient one, who was born in Kamar-Taj, Himalayas. As the examples represent, the construction of these images follows a pattern of reproducing stereotypes in Hollywood, yet many independent filmmakers try to present the positive depictions of the stereotyped groups. Secondly, the ideas of the gendered racism used commonly in Hollywood, that have been growing the racism greatly in the community. The female characters usually depict the views of the weak, dependant, and overly feminine. Lisa M. Cuklanz quoted in the Mass Media Representation of Gendered Violence, â€Å"By treating female characters as object to be observed, handled, used, abused, and even discarded, mass media encourage us to think of women and girls as less than human† (32). The female objectification made men to think, that treating female violently, is two-s ided satisfaction in relationship. The movie Passenger (2016) is an example of gendered racism, because Aurora, who is sleeping in her pod, was awaken by Jim Preston for his sexual satisfaction and she was totally fine with itShow MoreRelatedPerpetuating Values Of Racism : As Seen On The Silver Screen1319 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal box office revenues hit an all time high of $38 billion US dollars in 2015 (Child). The Hollywood film industry is a highly lucrative business that seemingly offers something for everyone: romance, thriller, tragedy, fantasy, comedy, action, and so much more. However, the industry has an extensive history of favoring the white, straight male, which leaves minorities to feel wrongly represented. Hollywood films do integrate different races, but there remains to be one constant; the white race. WhileRead MoreThe Act Of Killing By Joshua Oppenheimer1497 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar perspective, making it available to their current or future audience. Howe ver, what are the motives filmmakers desiring to produce a reenactment film regarding social unrest and how does society respond? Regarding this question, two particular films provide a strong social unrest background. Conversely, in the play, Twilight: Los Angeles 1992, Anna Deavere Smith, an actress and play writer, reenacts the unfortunate incident of the 1992 distressing urban riots by establishing a combination ofRead MorePortrayal of Asian Americans3456 Words   |  14 Pagesprove Asian Americans have potential on what they can contribute to in the American media. Finally, I will recommend different ways to rid the stereotype put on Asian Americans by actions that can be taken, not only pertaining to Asians, but to other ethnicities that face stereotypes on their culture. Background History Music in every country has a history going back hundreds of years. It is an excellent type of entertainment that any person can enjoy. America being such a diverse country, anyRead MoreRace in Five Film Versions of Shakespeares Othello Essay example4150 Words   |  17 Pagesdrama--directed by Orson Welles (1952), Stuart Burge (1965), Oliver Parker (1995), Tim Blake Nelson (2000), and Geoff Saxes (2001)--visually boost or minimize the race factor in the story, subject to the political ideas of their time. In the first Hollywood version of Othello (1952), directed by Orson Welles, race was not an issue. Instead, Welles film dealt with the psychological aspects of the plot while providing a vehicle for Welles celebrated experiments in camera angles and use of light andRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesqualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarlyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an I mportant Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack MetzgarRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pages D) It is defined as the field that deals with planning and managing a business at the highest level of corporate hierarchy. E) It occurs when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the means of achieving desired responses from other parties. Answer: E Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 4) A social definition of marketing says ________. A) effective marketing requires companies to remove intermediaries to achieve a closer connection with direct consumers

Street Gangs of Los Angeles Essay - 1070 Words

Once we finished watching the documentary street gangs of Los Angeles two theories were most prevalent in my mind for why there was gang formation in that area. The first being Travis herschi’s â€Å"social bonds†. Second being Walter miller’s â€Å"focal concerns†. Social bond theory is not a crime causation theory but a pro social behavior theory that helps explain deviance. This theory identified four social bonds that promote adherence to society’s laws and values. The four bonds being: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. If there was any weakness in any of these four areas would be an explain for the cause of delinquency. Focal concerns theory is different than many other theories because it is not the rejection of middle-class†¦show more content†¦As seen in the video the one mother saw that the gangs were trying to pressure her son into a gang through school and his friends so she moved but the same thing happened once they moved to another school there was no avoiding it. So the kid’s peers have a very high influence on the individual. If the friends are already engaging in delinquent activity then it would be somewhat natural thing for the individual to mimic the same things. The second part of the theory is commitment. The theory explains that participating in activities the promote adherence to societies moral and ethical code of conduct will keep them from participating in delinquent behavior. Most of the kids are not engaging in after school activities or other activities that would promote behavior that is looked up to in society. The next part of the theory is involvement or preoccupation. Herschi related this mainly to school and doing homework to keep the kids occupied so they won’t get caught up in delinquent behavior. But many of these kids aren’t going to school on a regular basis or they gave up on the schooling system so they are not being preoccupied with anyth ing that is beneficial to achieving prosocial bonds. The final part of this theory is belief in the laws and moral code. As the one man said â€Å"people in gangs don’t care as long as they’re making money.† By that statement alone you can assume that they willShow MoreRelatedThe Crips Street Gang Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesThe Crips Street Gang How has the Crips Street Gang evolved since the 1960’s? Gone are the days when battles were over community control, when loyalty meant self- determination, not self destruction. In the 1980’s crack cocaine became a major source of income for many African – American gang members in Los Angeles. Gangs were faced with intra-conflict old codes of conducts versus laissez-faire attitudes of the younger gang members. Gang violence increased as many capitalized on thisRead More Crippin in Los Angeles Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;African American gangs in Los Angeles originated mostly from the migration of African Americans from the South after World War II. In the 1920’s most of the gangs in Los Angeles were family oriented and it was not until the late 1940’s that the first gangs began. The gangs surfaced out the area known as the East Side, which is the area east of Main Street to Alameda. A lot of the gangs surfaced because of the racism perpetrated by the whites. There was clear segregationRead MoreThe Crime Rate On Los Angeles1590 Words   |  7 PagesIn David Knowles article on the crime rate on Los Angeles, â€Å"Crime rate in Los Angeles Falls for 10th straight year, making it the safest big city in America† highlights the statistics and improvements that Los Angeles has made to secure the gang nature and keep the city safe. He states, â€Å"Overall, violent crime fell by 8.3 percent, with the number of murders remaining low. Just 20 years ago there wer e 1,092 murders in Los Angeles. In 2012, the city recorded just 298† (Par 5). The statistics do showRead MoreThe Los Angeles Intervention Approach895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Los Angeles intervention approach produces positive and negative attributes to combating gang related criminality. Gangs in society today, are problematic in many aspects. There are many different avenues city officials can take to combat or reduce gang related crime. Various methodologies have been used to take on this problem and have had successful results (Spergel,1986). â€Å"The general idea is that if gang members will not respond to ordinary social agency programs, then the programs mustRead MoreWhy Street Gangs Exist993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The reason behind the street gangs has been largely associated with myriad of social and economic reasons. Among the reasons as to why youth join gangs are desperation due to poverty as well as breakdown of a family as a cohesive unit. According to the survey of gang areas, Los Angeles showed identical poverty map within the area. In ss much as there are some other reasons behind youth joining gangs, when critically analyzed it, reveals that such reasons are always directly or indirectlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Gang Violence1075 Words   |  4 Pagesloved ones being murdered by violent street gang members. These victims often had nothing to do with the gangs or gang members that killed them. A street gang is a group of people who commonly involve themselves in heinous crimes such as murder, assault, drug dealing, robbery, and car theft. These gangs are present all over the nation and are starting to spread to other countries. It is imperative for the United States government to pu t a stop to gangs and gang violence. Ed Gottesman and RichardRead MoreOrganized Crime and Youth Gangs824 Words   |  3 PagesOrganized Crime and Youth Gangs The FBI defines organized crime as any group of individuals jointly and systematically engaged in criminal activity for the purpose of making money (FBI, n.d.a). The FBI also provides links to various organized criminal groups on their website, with most being defined by race or ethnicity. The most famous of these groups in the United States is the Italian Mafia or La Cosa Nostra, which is translated as this thing of ours (FBI, n.d.b). The FBI identifies four distinctRead MoreGangs Have A Long Negative History Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have a long negative history. Usually joining a gang is a bad thing to do. Well depending what kind of gang it is, but most of the time it’s been viewed like a violent or a rebellion act. Gangs have had an impact in society for a long time in many different places in the world, and there are a lot of types of gangs. They impact society by increasing the rates of murders, school drop outs, and drug and alcohol abuse. There are many reasons why people join gangs. Some people might join a gangRead MoreRacial Segregation Of Chicago And Explosive Gang Related Crime1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthe aforementioned the white gang’s behaviors have contributed to the racial segregation of Chicago and the explosive gang related crime in the present day south side of Chicago. Just like African Americans formed gangs to protect themselves against Chicago s white gangs, the Latin Kings formed in Chicago with the same intent. In Chicago Mr. Sanchez a member of the Latin Kings gang shared in an interview: How the Latin Kings were originally formed decades ago to protect the Puerto Rican communityRead MoreQuincey Schoolboy Q Hanley892 Words   |  4 Pageshis mother relocated to her former home in South Central, Los Angeles. Eventually he and his mother settled on 51st Street between the notorious Hoover Street and Figueroa Streets, both famous for the abundance of drugs and street violence. Q’s mother worked as a night dispatcher for AAA, so he did not see her very often while attending school and was partially raised by his grandmother. Despite growing up in South Central, Los Angeles, Q’s music influences are primarily East Coast rappers such

Acadamic Misconduct Free Essays

Academic misconduct is described as academic integrity violation for the unfair advantage of oneself or unfair academic advantage or disadvantage to others in academic community, academic misconduct can be a plagiarism, cheating, and collusion but not limited. The other academic misconduct activities such as not obeying academic staff directions regarding assessments and group work submissions, falsifying reports, having/spreading examination materials without unit teacher permission, arranging someone to do assessment work all these included as academic misconduct. If an allegation arises towards a student and if it’s proven in an investigation then student has to face penalties under student academic misconduct policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Acadamic Misconduct or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this essay we going to discuss in brief about plagiarism, cheating, collusion and academic misconduct procedural process depending on minor or substantial misconduct when allegations arise and appeal for the student. As per UWS policy Plagiarism is defined as an â€Å"act of presenting material as one’s own without appropriate acknowledgement that constitutes plagiarism, not the intension of the student when doing so†, for example when student submits work in which words or ideas are presented as their own as intentional or unintentional without proper acknowledgment of the original author such as website, other students work, lecture, journal article or book. Cheating is described as any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise such as examination, without due acknowledgment such as speaking to other students during examination, carrying any information materials such as textbooks, using electronics devices such as mobile, Bluetooth any other items which are prohibited by examination supervisor. Collusion is where two or more people engage in plagiarism, cheating or encourage others to do so. According to UWS Academic misconduct policy there are Minor misconduct and substantial misconduct. A Minor misconduct is determine by the university as a minimal threat to integrity of the student assessment in writing such as lack of referencing or academic requirements. A substantial misconduct is determine by the university as a major threat to integrity such as, when a student repeats minor misconduct activities intentionally, any allegations in the examination and any allegations related to collusion. In the process of investigating the allegations unit teacher, unit coordinator, Dean, school academic committee and student academic committee will be involved. in the first stage of Investigation process and hearing of academic misconduct, If unit teacher or examination supervisor believe that there is any academic misconduct happened, and they have evidence or reasons to support, teacher of the unit will report to unit coordinator with relevant documentation by signed copy or email, then with in five working days unit coordinator will send copy of allegation to the Dean. The dean, will advise unit coordinator to do investigation, and then unit coordinator and unit teacher decides to do further investigation, unit teacher will notify the student and invite for meeting in writing by post and email. Student can attend meeting with fellow student or university academic staff member or a student welfare officer. Meeting will be organised between 8 – 15 working days after on invitation letter despatch date. Student must respond to the invitation with in seven working days date of despatch whether he / she will attend the meeting or not. The decision will be made on the allegation even in the student absence. If unit coordinator decides that the allegation is not substantial he / she will dismiss it. Other penalties like refer to academic counselling, student require to re-submit assessment task after re-submission unit coordinator makes a decision on the marks and grades student may get zero marks. If the unit coordinator determine its substantial he/ she will be referred to relevant dean for decision. After going through all the process as discussed earlier in which case the unit coordinator will send the invitation letter to student for meeting with dean. After meeting if dean decides it’s not substantial dean will dismiss the allegation. When dean decides the allegations substantial then dean can penalise student such as recommend to counselling, ask for re-submission of work, if required student has to sit for exam again, dean will decide marks and grades. If dean judges that the allegation very substantial or too serious then dean refers that allegation to SAC (student academic committee). After going all the process as discussed above, student will have meeting with SAC members. After meeting if SAC decides if allegation are true it will take any action of dean penalties or combination of them, or suspend the student from university minimum period of 6months not more than 12 months, or dismiss the student for minimum of 12 months not more than 24 months in this case student has to apply for readmission or SAC can suspend the student permanently from the university. A student can appeal against the unit coordinators decision when student considers that the decision was made against the procedural fairness or when student not agreeing with allegations or when student considers that there is a substantial new evidence which was not available previously to unit coordinator or when student considers the penalty imposed by unit coordinator was too severe. Student must appeal within 15 days with evidence in writing to dean from the date of the letter advising of unit coordinators decision. It is the responsibility of every student to respect and obey the policy of UWS for academic misconduct to maintain academic integrity among academic community, when allegations were proven the student has to face severe penalties imposed by university academic committee besides the appeal options for student, The best option for students is to work hard on their own and get help when needed from academic teachers before submitting any academic work. 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State Responsibility Theory

The theory of state responsibility relates to laws and principles that control when and how a country should be liable for a breach of international law. DJ Harris shows that the theory of state responsibility is general and not specific to any particular obligation. Thus, it only applies when a country breaches provisions of international law and set legal consequences of such acts. From this observation, we can see that provisions of state responsibility are secondary laws.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on State Responsibility Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory of state responsibility seems to be general and independent from the main international law. In this regard, we can look at state responsibility under obligations that make an act wrongful before international law when we can attribute acts to private persons and officials of a state. In addition, we can also look at liability d efence and subsequent consequences of such acts. DJ Harris shows actions of private individuals and state may be difficult to differentiate. However, the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Draft Articles) have changed the state responsibility. Draft Articles classify wrongful acts as where the state is liable under international law, and involve a breach of international obligation. A country can make reparation that can cover compensation, restitution, and satisfaction as forms of remedies. However, remedies also differ based on a given forum, such as UN, ICJ, WTO, and ICC among others. Treatment of Aliens The ILC does not allow ill treatment of people irrespective of their nationality. This is the basis of aliens, state responsibility, and the international minimum standard for the treatment aliens. We must understand that states are not under obligation to admit aliens to their countries. However, if a state allows aliens to enter it s territory, then it must treat them in a civilised way. A state can breach international law if it inflicts injury on aliens even if such aliens are outside its territory. Under ILC primary rules, a state cannot perform such acts in another state without authority of the latter. Under ILC, any failure to act within provisions of the minimum international standard calls for international responsibility of the defendant state, and state of the injured alien to apply its diplomatic right to protection. In other words, a state may use diplomatic means against another state so as to seek redress or compensation. Negotiations, arbitration, or judicial settlements have been useful in such cases.Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also crucial to note that the defendant country does not owe the injured alien any duty, but it owes the country of the alien. The idea is that a cou ntry experiences a loss in a situation where any of its citizens suffer injuries. Thus, the claimant country can make, ignore, or abandon a claim. In addition, the claimant state can also accept any value of compensation and has no obligation to pay the injured national. Thus, the injured citizen is at the mercy of his or her country. Imputability Imputability maintains that a state is only liable for its own acts or omissions. Characters in this case are government officials. Thus, this does not account for actions of private individuals. Imputability results into problems in cases where state officials exceed their powers or disobey instructions. Draft Articles do not apply in all situations especially where specific treaties apply. There is also a challenge in holding a state liable in situations where nonstate actors, such as terrorist groups, NGOs, and multinational organisations may be involved. In this case, some clauses (saving) of Draft Articles maintain that a state may ha ve secondary responsibility for such actors. In cases where certain acts (including ultra vires) affect the international community, then such matters become orga omnes. Domestic Remedies According to ILC Draft Article 22, any injured person must exhaust all remedies in courts of the defendant country before his or her state proceeds to make international claims. Domestic remedy rule cannot apply when the local courts cannot provide redress for the injured person and injury directly affects the state. A state cannot seek redress for such injuries in another state’s courts. This critical writing on State Responsibility Theory was written and submitted by user Jazmin Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.