Socio-Spatial Context of Urban Art in the Realm of Delhi

SOCIO SPATIAL CONTEXT OF URBAN ART IN THE REALM OF DELHI Introduction Before I dive into the debut to the thesis, I want to denote my capable affair through my response to 6 critical inquiries written below.What do I desire to analyze?I want to analyze the modern twenty-four hours phenomenon that is street art from a socio-spatial position in the urban kingdom of Delhi. I will see street art to include ( in order of importance to my thesis ) :GraffitiPublic art installingsTraditional sculptures and statues situated in the public zone2. Why is it of import to cognize about this subject? Street art has had a enormous impact on the lives of people, consciously or sub-consciously. It has acted as the voice of the laden and oppressors both. It will go on to play an of import function in distributing propaganda. It will besides go on to germinate into more signifiers of an artistic look. Hence we need to spread out our understanding upon this subject to foretell what the hereafter of street art is traveling to be. 3. How is this work situated in relation to my anterior work? I have experience in street art as I have done graffito for art festivals. I had besides planned collaborative street event with some friends to showcase HIP HOP in the streets of Hauz Khas small town. Four elements of HIP HOP include: DJ, Graffiti, MC and interrupt dance. Although It dint work out because of committedness issues, a senior ( SPA pass-out ) of mine, who was to be the DJ in my undertaking, managed to put to death my enterprise. I believe my old experience with graffito makes me a good campaigner to consider upon this subject. Besides, I have an unconditioned involvement in mass psychological science ( behavioural in peculiar ) . 4. What methods will I utilize to carry on this research? The secondary manner of survey is of head importance since the research focuses on the behavioural psychological impact public art has on the. The situational context of the secondary study is worldwide, assisting to understand the impact of urban art at a holistic degree. I will place socio-spatial parametric quantities from the secondary instance surveies. 3 books have been selected which talk about public art as a construct, graffito and installing art severally. 1.Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001. Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT 2.Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004. Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. 3.Bishop, C, 2005. Installation Art. 1st erectile dysfunction. ( unknown ) Routledge. Based on the parametric quantities derived from the secondary survey, viz. socio –spatial elements of street art, 3 primary researches will be conducted. A three pronged Interview of urban creative persons, the interior decorators of the infinite and the people who experience their art will be conducted for each primary instance survey. The status where the interior decorators have prompted art in their creative activity will besides be analyzed. 5. What will it bring forth? This chance will hopefully bring forth an penetration into the manner the built, in this instance, the graffito and the installing art have an impact on the societal domain of life. 6. Research inquiry What are the socio-spatial characters of street art in the urban kingdom of Delhi? The creative person is a receptacle for emotions that come from all over the topographic point: from the sky, from the Earth, from a bit of paper, from a passing form, from a spider ‘s web. -Pablo Picasso Graffiti has existed in one signifier or the other since the morning of clip. From cave pictures to Nazi propagandas, it has been a steady perceiver and teacher to the human civilisation. The modern twenty-four hours graffito has its roots in the 80’s. It has morphed itself from being a tool of look for the laden and oppressors likewise into a booming art signifier portion of the hip hop civilization of today. In recent old ages graffiti has grown bolder, more ornate, more sophisticated and, in many instances, more acceptable. Yet unsanctioned public art remains the job kid of cultural look, the last criminal of ocular subjects. Even though it is still non wholly welcomed and respected yet, it has gained popularity and credence in the younger coevals of today. Graffiti as a signifier of art has branched itself into other signifiers of modern-day art such as installing art, urban art, guerilla art, post-graffiti, neo graffito. It is engrained in the civilization of today. The graffito of the 80s is morphing and germinating into a broad array of bizarre and intriguing constructs such asMobius, created by art and design house Eness for the metropolis of Melbourne, Australia. It is a kinetic sculpture whose motion is undetectable by the bare oculus — the lone manner to see it travel is via time-lapse picture. The outgrowth of installing art as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself is rather an interesting development. Graffiti today has embraced the manner of installing art, art which has a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. The urban creative person is the receptacle whose art is in response to emotions given out by the societal order of the metropolis. Traveling a full circle, the societal order of our lives besides acts as the receptacle which absorbs all the emotion urban art emanates. For my literature referrals, I have decided to sort my reads into 3 classs:Generic public artGraffitiPublic installing artKnight ( 2011 ) defines as art in any media that has been planned and executed with the purpose of being staged in the physical populace sphere, normally outside and accessible to all. He besides suggests public art may include any art which is exhibited in a public infinite including publically accessible edifices, but frequently it is non that simple. Rather, the relationship between the content and audience, what the art is stating and to whom, is merely every bit of import if non more of import than its physical location. Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) conducts interviews of a broad scope of creative persons, administrative officials, and others whose lives have been affected by these undertakings in the North American context. He tells the narrative of a selected group of public art undertakings through these interviews. I think this book raises a set of critical set of issues from an remarkably wide set of positions. From an creative person who mounted three bronze sculptures in the South Bronx to the administrative official who led the battle to hold them removed ; from an creative person who describes his work as a â€Å" malignant neoplastic disease † on architecture to a brace of designers who might hold with him ; from an creative person who formed a alliance to change over 22 derelict row houses into an art center/community revival undertaking to a immature adult female who got her life back on path while life in one of the born-again houses. The category contradictions inherent in the term â€Å"public art† have been addressed by Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) by conveying different kinds of people into contact in originative ways. He besides provides a concise overview of altering attitudes toward the metropolis as the site of public art. In the book Dialogues in public art by Finkelpearl, the 20 interviews are divided into four parts:Controversies in Public Art: This portion focuses undertakings that are met with important contention. Richard Serra’s tilted discharge, John Ahearn’s three bronzes in the South Bronx, Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and Welcome to America’s finest Tourist Plantation by David Avalos, Louis Hock and Elizabeth Sisco. The interviews discourse how some of the contentions were welcomed as portion of the undertaking and how the alterations and/or remotion of the controversial plants of art have shed new visible radiation on the nature of the undertaking and its relationship with its audience.Experiments in Public Art as Architecture and Urban Planning:The series of interviews in this part discuss one of the waies that public art took in the aftermath of the contentions that move off from traditional definitions of art towards landscape design, architecture and planning. This subdivision begins with an interview with designers Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, in which they discuss their edginess in the infliction of art in the public design procedure. Sculptor Vito Acconci negotiations about how he has managed to infiltrate architectural design in his artistic pattern. Michael Singer and Linnea Glatt discourse their design of the solid waste direction installation in Phoenix, Arizona, while Ron Jensen, the former Director of Public Works for Phoenix, discusses the procedure that led him to engage two creative persons with small architectural background to be the lead interior decorators on a multimillion dollar installation. The solid waste direction installation is one of the few cases where the design and planning determinations in a public edifice were made by creative persons. Finally, Rick Lowe and Assata Shakur tell the narrative of Project Row houses, an art undertaking that transformed 22 creaky shotgun-style houses into a m odern-day art exhibition infinite, lodging for individual female parents and a community centre. Rick Lowe is an creative person whose work moved from the kingdom of architectural sculpture to urban design, while Assata Shakur is a former occupant in undertaking Ro houes’ immature female parents residential plan and a alumnus pupil in sociology at Penn State University.Dialogues on Dialogue-Based Public Art Projects:This series of interviews focal points on public art that makes duologue and indispensable component of the work itself. This is a really interesting facet to public art undertakings. The more duologue the work of art creates with its viewing audiences, the more singular and successful it is.Public Art for Public Health:This subdivision focuses on the Revival Fields and the AIDS thread. Artist Mel Chin and Dr. Rufus Chaney of the United States Department of Agriculture individually discuss Revival Field, an art and scientific discipline coaction that seeks to clea nse toxic waste sites utilizing â€Å"green remediation† . The book concludes with two interviews about the AIDS thread: Artist Frank Moore discusses how he helped originate the thread, and Jackie Mclean describes how she worked on the production of the thread at a women’s shelter while a member of the creative persons and stateless collaborative.The 2nd and the 3rd series of interviews are the 1s I would wish to pick up as secondary instance surveies. Knight C.K ( 2011 )takes a expression at public art and its populist entreaty, offering a more inclusive usher to America ‘s originative gustatory sensations and shared civilization. He examines the history of American public art – from FDR ‘s New Deal to Christo ‘sThe Gates– and challenges preconceived impressions of public art, spread outing its definition to include a broader range of plants and constructs such as Boston ‘s Big Dig, Las Vegas ‘ . Treasure Island and Disney World. In his booktitled Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism, he offers an option to the traditional position and unfavorable judgment environing public art. Chapterization of the book is as follows:Introduction: A short History of the United States â€Å"Official† Public ArtRoosevelt’s New DealGeneral Services Administrarion’s Art-in-public-places planNational gift for arts’ Art-in-public-places-programConventional Wisdom: Populist purposes within established ParadigmsArt as monument Art as commemorationArt as agreeablenessArt in the Park, Art as the ParkArt as the AgoraArt as PilgrimageCulture to travel: From art universe to the universeWhat museums do for usMy museumEducation, Outreach, ProgramingThe alternate museumNot rather â€Å"art† , non rather â€Å"public† :The art of amusementThis is particular, I am particularOpen pocketbook, unfastened docket?Embracing spectacleSuper spectator: Increasing singlePower to the peopleClaiming infinite and topographic pointDig inDecision: Art for all?The problem with ( Re ) DevelopmentNonprofit organizations and the passing idyllBack to schoolGrieving los s, retrieving lifeTwo narratives in one metropolisKnight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 2 ) offers penetrations on the populist purposes of art within the established paradigms by speaking about art and its parametric quantities of design. I hope to absorb what the chapter has to offer. Through it I hope to understand what public art is at a deeper degree of understanding. I hope to understand what the aesthetic sense of the art should be, whom should it be directed to? Is it meant for the populace? If yes, so does it intend the graphics should exceed the artist’s private or aesthetic concerns? These are the subjects the book has talked about. Knight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 5 ) negotiations about whether the viewers’increaedagency to find the degrees of battle in art and virtues of their ain art expriences should be knowing or non. Miles M. ( 2005 ) treats public art as a societal procedure and in the urban context. He talks about public art outside the normal confines of art unfavorable judgment and topographic points it within broader contexts of public infinite and gender. He farther goes on to research the devising, direction and mediation of art outside its conventional location in museums and galleries, and the liveable metropolis – a construct affecting user-centred schemes for urban planning and design. Using different positions, he explores both the aesthetic and political facets of the medium. Miles M. ( 2005 ) applies a scope of critical positions which have emerged from different subjects – art unfavorable judgment, urban design, urban sociology, geographics and critical theory – to analyze the pattern of art for urban public infinites, seeing public art from places outside those of the art universe to inquire how it might lend to possible urban hereafters. Researching the diverseness of urban political relations, the maps of public infinite and its relation to the constructions of power, the functions of professionals and users in the building of the metropolis, the gendering of infinite and the ways in which infinite and citizen are represented, Miles M. ( 2005 ) explains how these issues are as relevant to architecture, urban design and urban planning as they are to public art. Pulling on a wealth of images from across the UK and Europe and the USA, in peculiar, he inquiries the effectivity of public art in accomplishing more pleasant urban environments, whilst retaining the thought that conceive ofing possible hereafters is every bit much portion of a democratic society as utilizing public infinite. Art, Space and the City by Miles M. is chapterized as follows:IntroductionTHE CITYSPACE REPRESENTATION AND GENDERTHE MONUMENTTHE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ARTArt IN URBAN DEVELOPMENTArt IN METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTART IN HEALTH SERVICESArt AS A SOCIAL PROCESSCONVIVIAL CITIESNotesFurther READINGSBibliographyIndexThe chapters of involvement are infinite representation and gender, art in the urban development and art as a societal procedure. I am sing graffito as a signifier of public art. It is chiefly an urban phenomenon which gained popularity in the 1980’s. GANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004 ) have studied what graffito is, where it came from, how is it situated on the Earth in today’s universe. They have explored how letters used to rule graffitos but over the past decennary, graffito authors have expanded the graffiti civilization to a wider range of look. The station graffiti motion is characterized by more advanced attacks to organize and technique that travel beyond traditional perceptual experiences of classical graffito, In their book Graffiti universe: street art from five continents,they have provided illustrations of graffito around the universe. They divide the locations into the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. The contents of the book is as followsForewordWorldwide history of graffitoThe here and nowThe AmericasEuropeThe remainder of the universeInformationCrew namesGlossaryWeb sitesChoice magazinesSelect bibliographyRecognitionsGANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004, chapter 3 ) put graffito in a present context. They point out the development of graffito from being entirely spray can-based to encompassing a wider scope of mediums. They have besides talked about the outgrowth of cyberspace and its interesting function in the development of graffito. These modern-day issues of graffito are the chief ground I have chosen to read this book. I shortlisted this book besides for the ground that it tries to carry through a comprehensive certification of graffito and its varying characters across the universe. Apart from that, I will besides be confer withing the chapters of world-wide history of graffito and the locational chapters showcasing graffito in the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. Graffiti has of late taken a measure further in its development. Graffiti today has embraced the attack of installing art, art which adds a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. .Installation art has emerged as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself. Bishop ( 2005 ) provides both a history and a full critical scrutiny of this ambitious country of modern-day art, from 1960 to the present twenty-four hours. Using instance surveies of important creative persons and single plants, Bishop ( 2005 ) argues that, as installing art requires its audience to physically come in the graphics in order to see it, installing pieces can be categorised by the type of experience they provide for the screening topic. Equally good as researching the methodological analysiss of the creative persons examined, she besides explains the critical theory that informed their work. Documentary moviesi‚ · RASH ( 2005 ) , a characteristic length docudrama by Mutiny Media researching the cultural value of Australian street art and graffitoi‚ · Roadsworth: Traversing the Line ( 2007 ) , a documental movie about the legal battle of Montreal street creative person Roadsworthi‚ · Bomb It ( 2008 ) , a documental movie about graffito and street art around the universei‚ · Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) , a docudrama created by the creative person Banksy about Thierry Guettai‚ · Street Art Awards ( 2010 ) , opening of the street art festival in Berlini‚ · Las Calles Hablan ( 2013 ) , Las Calles Hablan, a characteristic length docudrama about street art in Barcelonai‚ · Style Wars ( 1983 ) , a PBS docudrama about graffiti creative persons in New York City having Seen, Kase2, Dez and DondiMention Bishop, C, 2005.Installation Art. Edition. 1sterectile dysfunction. Routledge. Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001.Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004.Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. Knight, C.K. , 2011.Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism. 2nd erectile dysfunction. MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing Miles, M, 2005.Art, Space and the City. 3rd erectile dysfunction. London: Routledge.

Attachment – Word Count 1466

Word count 1466 Introduction: Attachment theory can be useful to highlight core and basic human needs for social interaction and proximity to others. Used as a model of human development, it can help us consider how relationships between infants and their caregivers forge and underpin the development of fundamental areas of our lives; our self beliefs and constructs of the world around us; of ourselves and expectations of others; our abilities to self regulate our emotions and feelings; our sense of curiosity, motivation and confidence to explore and learn and how we are able to relate to others and tasks/activities. In this paper I will firstly be discussing the major theorises of attachment these being John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Secondly I will explain how attachment informs in social work. ‘Among the most significant developments of psychiatry during the past quarter of a century has been the steady growth of evidence that the quality of parental care which a child receives in his earliest years is of vital importance to his future mental health’ (Bowlby. J. p11. 953) Attachment is an emotional relationship that involves comfort care and contentment. The roots of attachment were thought to be from Freuds theory’s about love, however John Bowlby is accredited with being the fore father of attachment theory. Bowlby shared the psychoanalytic view that early experiences in childhood have a major influence on development and behaviour later in life. Our early attachment styles are established in childhood through the infant/caregiver relationship. Kennhell and Klaus said that sometime attachment is confused with the natural bonding process that takes place between mother and child, and we should be careful not to mix these too up. Bowlby believed that attachment begins in infancy and carries on throughout life, resulting in several behavioural systems that are required for survival and reproduction. Bowlby suggested that there are four central characteristics of attachment; these are proximity maintenance, this is when the child strives to stay close to the care giver enabling the child to stay safe. Safe haven, this is when the child feel scared or afraid turning to the caregiver for support and comfort. Secure base, this is when the caregiver gives the child a protected place to discover the world from. Separation distress this is when the child get upset or distressed when it is absent from the caregiver. Bowlby suggested that attachment was an element of selected relationships throughout the lifespan, even though most of his research focused on infancy. Mary Ainsworth created a method called the strange situation. The method that Ainsworth had created was to examine that bond between the care giver and the child. The method is to examine the child playing for approximately twenty minutes while the care giver and the person who is unknown to the child enters and exit the room. This method creates a familiar and unfamiliar situation for the child. For some children this type of situation can be very stressful. The case of ‘Genie’ was an extreme example of a child that had no attachment or social contact resulting in her being a feral child. She was unable to talk dress herself or toilet herself, when support was implemented within a few days progress was seen to be made, showing that even though no attachment had been made the child was still able to learn new behaviours. A striking example of adult attachment to a parent is the comment made by a 40 year old lady who had lost her mother; I never realised, until she was gone, how much my own sense of confidence depended on knowing that if I ran into trouble I could always turn to her for help and advice. Goldberg 2000 p10)in my own experience of working with adult services, I gained an understanding of how separation could have affected an elderly couple’s health. After 60 years of marriage social services where call in to assess their situation as they where no longer able to cope due to the fact the wife had senile dementia. Initially the was talk of them being home together however a standard care home would not have met the need of the wife, a nursing home was needed for her. This was seen as being detrimental to both their health due to separation. Therefore, it was seen to be better to provide them with support in their own home. In conclusion children who are securely attached tend to have trusting, long-term relationships in their adulthood. As adults and being securely attached, these same individuals have a great understanding and perspective on important relationships in their lives. They demonstrate a forgiving attitude toward their mate and tend to show compassion for others. They tend to speak of how their past experiences have influenced their present feelings and relationships. References Bowlby, J. (1953) Childcare and the growth of maternal love. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Feeney,J. Noller,P. (1996) Adult Attachment. London: sage publications. Goldberg, S. (2000) Attachment and Development. London: Arnold publishers. Howe,D. (1995) Attachment theory for social work practice. London: Macmillan press. Smith, Cowie, Blades. online. ‘The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Understanding Children's Development’. York College: Homepage, (http://www. ycc. ac. uk/yc/new/HUMSOC/psycho/unit1/adultatt. htm), (5 December 2008)

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IRAC Analysis on The Ranks - Essay Example The overbreadth doctrine also allows people whose own speech or conduct is not prohibited to challenge limitations on free speech (such as those in picketing) on behalf of others who may refrain from doing so out of the fear of prosecution. The violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of speech is strong grounds for Jeff and Nicole Rank to protest against their arrest for wearing anti-Bush T-shirts. The written message on T-shirts constitutes written, symbolic communication which will be included in the protected category. Moreover, there has also been a violation of their fourteenth amendment right because the State has curtailed their privilege to attend the rally with the right to free expression of their opinion through the message on their T-shirts. There are only a few instances where the first amendment right to freedom of speech can be curtailed. The federal Government could argue that the incidential suppression of the First Amendment freedom of Jeff and Nicole is no greater than what is necessary to further the Government’s interest, i.e, in this case to prevent any disturbance erupting among the supporters of President Bush. However, they are unlikely to have any success with this argument, because Jeff and Nicole had worn the T-shirts for ten minutes at the rally without any indication of unrest among the crowd. This manual also provides strong grounds in Jeff and Nicole’s favor because it clearly states that â€Å"any physical contact with demonstrators† is to be avoided. According to the manual, action is to be taken to minimize demonstrator effect only when it is likely to cause some disruption, which was not so in this case. The Federal Government may try to argue that it was trying to prevent disruptive activity, but there was no sign of a potential disruption caused by Jeff and Nicole to the extent that it could be deemed necessary to restrain them, especially physically by

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Explain THE STORY - Essay Example Therefore, this approach would mean that the act of torture be undertaken for the happiness of the millions. I as well believe that if terrorist is left un-tortured, the victims to the explosion of the bomb would be so many. Therefore, it is right to torture the terrorist for him to reveal the information needed to help the people at stake. In scenario B and from Kant’s point of view it would not be ethical to frame the old man for the crimes he did not commit. It would be quite hard for the will of a maxim and its subjective principle becoming universal law to be proved. On Mill’s perspective based on utilitarian theory, it wouldbe the only thing to do given the vast crisis that is currently witnesses in the multiracial community. Convicting the old man for the crimes would have much positive impact on the socio-economic existence of the inhabitants here. On my own, I would suggest the NYPD intensify the search to bring the right culprit to book in a timely manner as it would be unfair to convict an innocent person both in the eyes of God and the law. The old man would as well be seriously affected in the event he clears his jail term and has to come back into the same society that he

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Toxic Water - Article Example During the last five years there have been over 500,000 violations to the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act was created in 1977. â€Å"The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters† (Epa). The problem with the water supply in many parts of the United States is a major health epidemic that must be dealt with. The biggest loser right now of the issues associated with the polluted water in many regions of the United States is the consumer. The toxic water is causing serious illnesses including cancer, liver damage, and damage to the nervous system. The reason the water is causing these diseases is because the water has high concentrations of toxins and chemicals such as arsenic, barium, lead, manganese within the water. The problem was not caused by forces of nature, it is man made. Many large corporations are violating the Clean Water Ac t by improper disposing of chemical waste which is reaching our rivers, lagoons, and lakes. The economic consequences of this problem are scary. The incidence of cancer could increase significantly if corrections are not taken to deal with the issue. Clay Massey, a six year old kid, suffer from scabs in his arms, chest, and legs that were caused by the toxic water in his region. The economic problems that the toxic water is causing are huge because thousands if not millions of Americans are getting sick due to low quality water. The healthcare system in America is already suffering from inflationary forces. The toxic water epidemic will further cause higher inflation as more people begin to get sick from the polluted water. The quality of life of many Americans is going down as they are been forced to purchase bottle gallons of water. A gallon of purified water cost around $1 and each person is supposed to consume a minimum of one gallon per day. A family of five people would have t o spend at least $150 dollars a month just on bottled water to meet their minimal water consumption needs. One of the problems with the controversy is that there is no absolute certainty that the polluted water is causing cancer since the real factors or variables that cause cancer are unknown, but in regards to dental care it has been proven that the toxic water is deteriorating the teeth and its enamel. The U.S. water utilities companies can reach market efficiency only if they provide a quality product that people are satisfied with. Many Americans do not understand how is it possible that the United States which one of the richest countries in the world with a gross domestic product per capita of $46,300 could be facing so many problems with its water supply in so many locations in America (CultureGrams). Many corporations are violating EPA regulation including the Clean Water Act by failing to report emission dumping toxins in the earth’s ecosystem. The Clean Water Act s trictly limits and monitors 91 chemicals or contaminants in tap water. Many states are arguing that they need more funding from the federal government to deal with the problem of water contamination. This is a very serious issue because people are getting sick from drinking tap water and in some cases the pollution is so severe that exposure to water during showers is causing allergic reactions in the skin of humans. The United States Congress and President

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Amazon - Research Paper Example Since its inception, the company has witnessed significant growth to become a member of Fortune 100 Company in the US. It specialises in selling a variety of goods and services online. 1.1 Mission and strategy of Amazon According to its official website, the company’s mission is: â€Å"to be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its customers the lowest possible prices.† The company uses the strategy of selling a variety of products online and it targets customers from all corners of the globe. 1.2 Products or services of the organization Amazon.com offers millions of unique new, refurbished, and used items in categories such as books; movies; music & games; digital downloads; electronics & computers; home & garden; toys; kids & baby; grocery; apparel; shoes & jewelry; health & beauty; sports & outdoor; and tools, auto & industrial (Amazon, 2013). The company has also incorporated thousands of sellers and software developers which use its trademark across the globe. 1.3 SWOT analysis â€Å"A SWOT analysis is used to identify internal strengths and weaknesses of a business and external opportunities and threats facing it,† (Strydom J. p 31). This section outlines these environmental factors facing Amazon. Organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses Strengths Regarded as the world’s best online retailer of various products Technological innovation has driven the growth of Amazon.com to offer a wide range of products to the customers conveniently and at lower prices. It operates international retail websites, and worldwide network designed to fulfil the needs of the customers across the globe Amazon is comprised of teams that work across the world on behalf the customers and it provides 24/7 support to the consumers. Weaknesses The company is mainly present in developed parts of the world where some developing countri es are not fully covered The payment methods used by Amazon are not compatible with other countries’ banking sectors Organization’s external environmental factors Opportunities The company has opportunities to partner with different retailers which will help it to increase the revenue it generates. New information and communication technology is continuing to develop hence the company is poised for continual growth. Threats Online retailing is now characterised by competition since a wide range of organizations have also adopted this strategy which is very convenient. 1.4 Staffing in terms of employee categories Amazon is an equal opportunity employer and it is committed to staff a diverse workforce on the basis of a barrier-free employment process. The company employs about 88  400 people around the world and it has offices fulfilment centers, customer service centers, data centers, and software development centers around the globe (Amazon, 2013). The company is gui ded by the provisions of Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Vietnam Era Veterans'

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Animal Behavior (Biology) - Essay Example sneaking behaviors are relevant due to the fact since females are the restraining sex, and females invest more in offspring than males, males tend to be competing for females. (Roche 2006) This proves to be a significant evolutionary requirement and is especially t evolutionary requirement and is especially relevant when taking evolution and sneaking behaviors into account. Given the evolutionary requirements and the success of sneaking behavior in the context of reproducing and the ability to do so it becomes obvious why the Haplochromis burtonii who succeed at this mating form of natural selection will prevail and evolve. In order for evolution to succeed natural selection is first required to be a success. My hypothesis as to why the sneaking strategy is favored in certain circumstances is that it succeeds evolutionary because f a disparity in the population of females. If the population of males is more than can be supported by the population in order to survive they can do so by being a sneaker. This is beneficial to the sneaker male because by impersonating a female he is able to a nest in a manner that does not require fighting and his chances of injury is reduced or eliminated. I also think that inclusive fitness may be beneficial to the survival and imminent evolution of the male. ... This premise means that as a minimum a number of this variation must be heritable. By that it is meant that a genetic basis of behavior must be present. This is because a basis for both successful natural selection and evolution behavior must affect the ability of an animal to survive and reproduce. By making reference to inclusive fitness it is meant that the male may have a better chance to reproduce if favored by the females in this respect. However it is important to observe altruism is not a high priority behavior within Haplochromis burtonii populations. However it can exist in regard to inclusive fitness behaviors and by practicing sneaking behavior the sneaker male has a better chance of benefiting from inclusive fitness from the females. Roche explains that "Inclusive fitness can be estimated using a coefficient of relatedness, which estimates the chances that two related individuals both have a given allele (alternately: the proportion of genes that are identical in two individuals because of relatedness)." (2006) I hypothesize that by participating in sneaker behavior the Haplochromis burtonii literally doubles chances of either reproducing or surviving until they are able to do so. 1) c) How could you test this empirically What predictions do you make if the hypothesis is true To test this hypothesis empirically would prove to be a challenge. The reason for that is the challenge of tracking the specific Haplochromis burtonii would be difficult and specific subjects would be impossible to distinguish during many parts of the observation. There is no way to mark the subjects. However the behavior of the Haplochromis burtonii can be observed. It is during the course of these observations that

Rethinking Design Education for the 21st Century - Theoretical, Essay

Rethinking Design Education for the 21st Century - Theoretical, Methodological, and Ethical Discussion - Alain Findeli - Essay Example Findeli states that the subject of design was previously being viewed as applied esthetics but now the philosophy that leads design and knowledge related to is that design if a form of application of social sciences (7).3 Findeli argues that instead of seeing design as a particular element that is applied in nature, it should be considered as a form of involved science and this will help in ensuring that both the people who design things as well as those people for who the designs are being made are united together and considered as a part of the design problem and are not left out while the problem is being defined (11).4 He even states that there are ethical issues connected with designing and states that the main task of any designer should be to understand the purpose for which he/she is designing (13).5 He states that purpose for which a particular design is being made should guide all the elements of

Security Planning for Airlines Control and Safeguard Systems Essay Example for Free

Security Planning for Airlines Control and Safeguard Systems Essay Scenario 1 FlyWithUs Airlines has started a new low-cost carrier service to link major cities such as New York City with small towns. A few of the airports that service FlyWithUs are located in remote areas and are ill-equipped to handle emergencies. The airline also has a charter service that flies to locations around the world. In some remote areas, where the airports are small, help may not be immediately available in the event of an accident or some other crisis. Due to a failure of the air traffic control information system, a FlyWithUs pilot is forced to make a manual emergency landing. The plane skids off the runway and finally comes to a halt in the wilderness lining it. Five people are hurt, and one woman is critically injured. The airport does not have an ambulance on standby. By the time an ambulance arrives from the nearest hospital, which is 150 miles from the airport, the woman is dead. Question: Could this have been the result of a cyberattack on the transportation industrys critical infrastructure? Could FlyWithUs have prevented this situation? If yes, what measures could they have taken? Could they have stationed their own ambulance at the airport to handle emergencies? Should their pilots have been better trained to make emergency landings? Select one of the three case studies discussed at the end of Module 6 and respond to the reflection questions. Scenario 2 The U.S. Army has chartered a flight to Afghanistan in order to transport soldiers needed because of a recent rise in attacks by the Taliban. At a stopover point, FlyWithUs discovers that refueling is not possible because fuel supply lines have been cut due to rebel activity. The team and the plane are now stranded and are waiting for help. Question: How could information systems have been used to prevent this from  happening? What types of security measures are now needed to secure the airplane, its passengers, and its cargo in this dangerous situation? Is there any way in which FlyWithUs could have ensured a fuel supply? Could the airline have arranged to carry extra fuel? Scenario 3 The IT department has updated the antivirus software on all computers except for this one, because this computer was placed outside the firewall for a short period for trial purposes. Although the computer was brought back within the firewall, the system administrator failed to update the antivirus. Question: How do you think this situation could have been prevented? Could the IT department have conducted regular inventories of the software on each computer to identify missing patches? Could the IT department have implemented a process to ensure that no computer is moved outside the boundaries of the firewall?

Rights of Accused Essay Example for Free

Rights of Accused Essay

Business Environment At Mahindra And Mahindra Commerce Essay

Business Environment At Mahindra And Mahindra Commerce Essay The company was established in 1945 with the assembly line of Willy s jeep in India and now it is a 7.1 billion Indian and multinational company all across the globe. The main motive of the company is to become the global leader in the field they enter. They have more than 100000 employers employed in their company all across the globe and enjoy leadership in the utility vehicles, tractors and in the Information technology sector and also now they have entered the 2 wheeler segment in India they trying to become the global leaders in that also as the existing big 2 wheeler market players. It also has its presence in financial sector, tourism sectors, infrastructure sector, logistic and trade sector. Mahindra is the only Indian company with full range f tractors all across the globe and market leader in its CVs, MUVs, SUVs and SEDAN. Mahindra company recently took a major stake of the REVA the electric car to enter the electric car market segment is now known as Mahindra Reva in the segment and all over. Mahindra also entered the information and technology segment by taking a hostile takeover of SATYAM TECH CO LTD. In India to get a global market leadership in the information technology sector and show some skills in the sector. Also it took over the KINETIC INDIA PRIVATE LTD. Company the one of the best in the 2 wheeler segments as to enter the 2 wheeler markets and now the company is known as Mahindra 2 wheelers so as to become the global leader in the country and all across. The company is one amongst the A+ rated companies in the GRI list of rating companies in 2008-09. (http://www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/Overview.html) COOPERATE GOVERNANCE:- à  The cooperate governance code means to achieve best out of everything and to give best of the benefit to the stake holders and to the context to achieve the best performance environment in the market and in the cooperate world. According to Mahindra and Mahindra governance is not just system, metrics, processes .according to the company it is inheriting itself with beliefs, its culture, values, and motives and its ethics leading to transparency and accountability which is good governance according to the company. When there was hit of recession in the country there was a flood of legal notifications firing of people and a new set of rules and regulations were made but there was no change in the Mahindra and Mahindra company because they follow a good cooperate governance and also a good set of legislation reforms which make the company different from the other companies. The company follows a code of conduct which are made by director of the company and by the senior management and employees and those are:- 1. Director shall not take for themselves personally any business opportunities that belong to the Company or are discovered through the use of corporate property, information or position. 2. Director shall not corporate property, information or position for personal gain. 3. Director shall represent the interests of the shareholders of the Company 4. Director shall exhibit high standards of integrity, commitment and independence of thought and judgement 5. Director shall dedicate adequate time, energy and attention to ensure the diligent performance of his/her duties including making all reasonable efforts to attend Board or Committee Meeting 6. Director shall comply with every provision of this Code. (http://www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/CODEOFCONDUCTFORDIRECTORS.pdf) Cooperate governance code for management and employees:- Management will ensure that the company is running under sound economic environment principles and is working properly with a balanced allocation of resources to support the companies responsibilities to each stake holder of the company. System and policies should be transparent and should be known to everyone and shall be known to everyone. The management would take out only those business processes or approve only those business processes that are strong and robust so as they are judicious and worthful. The management committee is committed to seeking long term profits with no compromises. The decision towards employees should be transparent and should not be done due to its caste, creed, gender, religion or handicap of the employee. Every employee would be given the task which is best suited to it and is favoured to it and is capable of doing it. The employees can give new ideas and they are welcome and rewarded for their new ideas in the company. Employees will be provided safe and healthy environment and with full time devotion towards them. (http://www.mahindra.com/OurGroup/CODEFORSENIORMGMTCL49.pdf) Long term Sustainability of Mahindra and Mahindra:- à   Environmental changes and societal changes in the economy and in the market Mahindra and Mahindra Company have eagerly entered into new risk markets like the information sector and in the 2 wheeler market for more avenues and revenues from the market and benefiting the company. The Mahindra and Mahindra Companys sustainability is strategically is integrating in the business ventures and making intrinsic decision making processes. In the last three years the sustainability of the company has traversed from intentions to commitments and from commitments to road ramps that is fulfilment of commitments and then presenting in front of the consumers to fulfil their expectations. The company after integrating and controlling the environmental factors and social factors of business and management is able to establish a connection between financial and strategic and sustainability directions of the business. (http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitycontext.aspHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitycontext.aspus/sustainabilitycontext.asp) The sustainability structure is divided into 3 tier system:- One tier:- à  It comprises of senior members of committee that is the senior board of directors which handle the management of the company and also take care of the stake holders report and the company stake. It is also called as cooperate sustainability council . Middle tier :- à  It is the back bone of the company as it handles all the sustainability initiatives like:- 1. To ensure the approved strategies are in action 2. To purpose strategies, action plans, scoping of the report to the sustainability council. 3. To develop plans to all the sector of the groups. 4. Ensuring share of knowledge and capacity team building among each sectors and monitoring and collecting data from each sector. Also known as the cooperate sustainability cell 3. Third tier:- à  The sector consists of a team of 8 to 10 members which collect all the data and analyze the data and monitoring the data. They are responsible for:- 1. Coordination between the sustainability council 2. Differntiating the information with respect to the data collection of the core team collection. 3. Ensuring all the complied data with respect to the sustainability initiatives including the G.R.I UNIT. This tier is also known as sustainability champions (http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitystructure.aspHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/sustainabilitystructure.aspus/sustainabilitystructure.asp) There are certain factors which are affecting the company and its business in the market. Those factors are:- Political factors à  The political factors which are affecting the company is that participation of the employees of the company in political parties that is the company does not allow itself in the involvement of any political party but it allows its employees to participate which is a wrong process it affects the image of the company as the employer is representing the company when he or she is participating in the political violence or non violence activities this would affect the company s reputation and also the affairs in the market. Few factors related to the industry are:- 100%fdi policy Change in taxation policy Subsidy from loans of government. Regaining dynamism a key goal of eleventh five year plan. (http://www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra) 2.Economical factors:- à  Economic factors means utilisation of the resources in the fullest so as there is no wastage of resources while producing the product but there were various causes affecting the economical conditions of the company ,increasing cost of raw material is the biggest threat for the company and also the regulatory norms imposed to safe guard the environment ,fuel efficiency less use of more smoking vehicles ,volatility in financial market, escalation of raw material market, effect of the supply chain in the market are few causes affecting the economic stability of the company. Social factors:- à  Socially the company works for different group to promote its brand and to create a good image in the market so as people see the company in good reason; the company goes hand in hand to fulfil its social responsibility for the economy and also the everyday business responsibility The company gives 1% of the after tax profit to the CSR (cooperate social responsibility) group which is the group created by the Mahindra and Mahindra company to help the people around them and to boost up the economy and give other people a new chance. The initiative of the group created is to help the disadvantaged section of the society and the company, like people who are uneducated help them to educate and people who are good in something improve their skills and help them to boost up in the world they are in and gain confidence in themselves. They created another group called ECOPS that is a group of employers social responsibility group in which the employee is benefitted in it that is the employer kids and family are made to get educated and given work to do and their children are send to schools where they study and are made to things they like to do .The CSR group also helps the people to give them financial support and also give the shelter who dont have shelter and also the group keeps in touch with the nongovernmental organisation to help people, they come up organisations to save girl child and mid day meals in school and to their employees to keep them happy ,helping flooded areas in India and also helping the crippled people and cochlear people so to promote the brand of the company and help the country socially and economically . (http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/socialresponsibility.aspHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/socialresponsibility.aspus/socialresponsibility.asp) 4. Technological factor:- à  New technology can create new products and new innovations in the market and also it helps in reducing the cost of the product and also it helps in getting a new product launched in the market to become the leader in the market, Sometimes the new technologies in the industry leads to reduce in the life cycle of the product . The factors affecting the production due to new technology are:- new innovation in the technology or continuous innovation n the technology renewable energy development (http://www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra) 5. Environmental factors:- à  The environmental factors of the company matter the company a lot as the company depends on the environment of the company and also the environment outside the company as the company uses the go green policy that is less use of carbon producing products so as it does not disturb the social and economic environment of the country and the place they are working in .the products produced in the company are made n such a way that the environment is also safe and less of carbon monoxide is produced from the commodities they are producing for the consumer and the product does not harm the consumer .the company s initiative is on green building and alternative fuel front. They are focussing on green building and fuel efficient products for the consumers and energy efficient products. (http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra%20CSR%202009-10/sustainabilityHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/environmentresp.aspHYPERLINK http://www.mahindra.com/sustainability/Mahindra CSR 2009-10/sustainabilityus/environmentresp.aspus/environmentresp.asp) 6. Legal factors:- à  As the company is globally situated and work in different countries so legal changes happening in the world or in the other parts and also in the country can affect the company a lot. There are certain legal changes which have happened in recent years in the economy globally and have affected various firms globally. the legal systems can affect the cost of the product and also the production of the product produced by the company .the legal system can also affect the demand of the product produced by the company. To avoid various problems the company has accepted various factors to go through legal systems like:- collaboration with government in various shapes of policy agricultural policy bank system policy (http://www.slideshare.net/sitansusekharsahu/strategic-analysis-of-mahindra)

Essay examples --

Communication is the necessary exchange of experience, knowledge, thoughts, feelings between two or more people. Need to communicate to any person if it is not then begins depression, caused by deficiency of emotions, impressions, and the person begins to need to communicate as well as in food or water. By the way a person communicates in psychology generally divided people into two categories: introverted and extroverted (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 2013). Introvert - people, socio-psychological makeup is characterized by concentration on his inner world, insularity. Introverts consider their most important interests; give them the highest value, for they are characterized by social passivity and a tendency to introspection. Introvert gladly fulfills his duties, but does not like the responsibility for the final results. For introverts typical behaviour associated with more comfortable solitude, inner thoughts and feelings, creativity or observation of the process. Introvert can be an excellent scientist, researcher, observer, writer or an individual entrepreneur. Extrovert - a man whose psychological characteristics expressed in focusing their interests in the outside world, the external objects. Extroverts peculiar behavior impulsivity, activity in the gestures, communicative, initiative, social adaptability and openness of the inner world. For extroverts typical behavior in which a person seeks: to communicate with people, attention from others, participation in public speeches, participation in crowded events and parties. An extrovert can be an excellent master of ceremonies organized (often volunteer), official, manage people, artist or entertainer. In which of the two types, you probably know yourself? Perhaps you were u... ...thdrawal from live communication and addiction to the Internet. The user does not notice how he stops to meet with friends, all communication limited social networks. Every day he comes to your pages to view or message came that interesting going on in his friends and it becomes a habit and we can not live peacefully day, if not Go online, and it is already clear signs of addiction. Besides overreliance on social networks leads to a decrease in efficiency. Many employers do not allow their employees to go to the Internet during working hours, to track even special programs, they are happy to use. By the way, if you are using such social networks like twitter, then you can have it in a small income. Of course, to have an extra income on microblogs you will need to place them in advertising, but many services do just focus on it to make it look as natural as possible.

Narcolepsy :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Wake Up! A Quick Look at Narcolepsy It is estimated that humans spend one-third of their lives asleep (1). With sleep appearing to be not only the ultimate pastime, but also a survival imperative, the field of sleep research is quite broad, boasting many different areas of study. By examining phenomena like sleep disorders neurobiologists can hope to understand the mechanisms of normative sleep, in addition to perfecting treatment for suffers. Narcolepsy is one such disorder that affects an estimated 250, 000 or 1 in 2000 Americans; similar numbers are estimated for Parkinson's or multiple sclerosis (2). A widespread, though often misdiagnosed disease (fewer than 50, 000 are aware of their condition), narcolepsy can be characterized by chronic daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypanogic hallucinations (3 ). The latter three of the tetrad of symptoms also occur in non-narcoleptic individuals; sleep episodes are the main determinant in diagnosis. Only 20 to 25 percent of narcoleptics suffer from all fou r symptoms (2). This paper has several goals, all of which involve clarifying the disease and its symptoms in different contexts. In order to do this sleep will first be explained in some detail, followed by a biological and psychological treatment of narcolepsy. Research of narcolepsy and its implications for the future shows steps to be taken in order to garner a better understanding this particular brain/behavior relationship. To start at a beginning of sorts, REM sleep and its importance should be discussed. Sleep is in fact not the passive activity it was once assumed to be. It appears that during sleep many things are going on in the brain, which are documented by electroencephalograms (EEGs) measuring neocortical neuronal activity. Sleep occurs in a cycle of distinct stages, with apparent contrasts from early sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep (4). During REM sleep neurons in the neocortex behave similarly to how they would when a person is awake, displaying desynchronized EEG. The first REM stage occurs 70 to 90 minutes into sleep and approximately 20% of a night's sleep is spent in this type of sleep (4). Since this stage of sleeping is associated with dreaming, it is logical that in REM sleep muscles become temporarily paralyzed, a state called muscle atonia. REM sleep is important for overall health and regulation of the nervous system. In other sleep stages, or non-REM stages, E EGs are synchronized, only partial muscle relaxation is present, and dreaming is less frequent (2).

Glengarry Glen Ross Essay

The majority of David Mamet’s critics give great focus or attention on the negative concepts and views of power, such as repression and exploitation. Mainly, this occurs in the analysis of the associations of power in the business world in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† (1983). A perspective that will be considered in this paper is the investigation of the positivity of exercises of power. More particularly, it will deal on human relationships which are present and crucial in David Mamet’s play. Foucauldian analytics of power comprehensively marks the â€Å"American dream† and the intricacy of function of power as well as the productive effects of power in Mametian business world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the fact that David Mamet started writing plays after the year 1970, he was able to gain an influential and significant position in American literary. David Mamet’s success can be greatly attributed to several influences that honed his skills. When David Mamet was at the age of sixteen, he admired Bob Sickinger. Sickinger intensely influenced his ideas of dramaturgy. However, Bob Sickinger who was believed to be the pioneer of â€Å"Chicago theatre† was not the only one who had influenced David Mamet. When David Mamet attended school at the Goddard College in Vermont, he studied and trained in acting under the tutelage of Sanford Meisner. Meisner influenced David Mamet’s acting as well as his philosophy, by infusing into him the idea of practical and outward techniques, instead of the usual technique of internalization. After college, David Mamet was able to perform several unglamorous jobs in real life. He experienced driving a taxi, working at a truck factory, and cleaning offices for a living. By the year 1969, he got another job. This time, he was assigned as an office manager, particularly at a real estate sales office. Consequently, it can be observed that nearly all characters in David Mamet’s plays belong to social classes exclusive of the high-class. In addition to this, nearly all the sites of his plays and literary works are set generally in marginal places. For example, in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†, the play is set in a real-estate office. The scenes at the beginning of the play in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† create the â€Å"dangerous, ego-threatening world that its salesmen inhabit† (McDonough, 1963). The main characters, Aaronow, Moss, Lingk, Roma, Williamson and Levene, participate in degrading schemes needed for them to maintain jobs. An older salesman, Shelley Levene, who was unsuccessful in attaining good revenues, â€Å"cajoles, bullies, pleads and finally bribes his boss to grant him better leads† (McDonough, 2006). Then, a discontented salesman, Dave Moss, campaigns to raid the sales office and acquire the leads by maneuvering the gullible George Aaronow to do the actual break-in. Lastly, top salesman Richard Roma astonishes and influences the trusting James Link into buying material goods in exchange for Roma’s imaginary companionship. In David Mamet’s play, these salesmen effect their sales by giving a fictive structure. A measly house becomes a remedy to needs that go beyond than that for shelter. The irony is that, for all their skepticism, they are most energetic in their individual performances. They are also most sensitive about human need when they create the fictions intended to capitalize on that need. (Bercovitch et al., 1994). These salesmen seek to ensnare their customers in language but are no less its victims themselves. In a particular scene in the play, Moss asks Aaronow if he is â€Å"in or out†, and further says that â€Å"you tell me, you’re out you take the consequences† (Mamet, 1983). When Aaronow asked â€Å"and why is that?†, Moss capriciously responds â€Å"because you listened† (Mamet, 1983). From the conversation, one of them accuses his supposed friend of complicity because he â€Å"listened† (Bercovitch et al., 1994). In addition to this, irony exists because these salesmen must first understand those they would deceive before they can succeed. As such, these salesmen become hypersensitive, like a confidence trickster who masquerades as a psychic. They also become compellingly precise because they are conscious of the desperation, the fear and the need that coerce their clients into their hands. Somehow, that shared knowledge starts to grant the material desires of their clients. In a discernible disagreement, â€Å"those who can best connect two isolated people are those who deploy the falsities of fiction† (Bercovitch et al., 1994). The salesmen in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† are charged for their deceptions. Deceptions of which they, too, are victims, but held close for their knowledge of an existing desire for trust and connection. However, the salesmen remain unaware of the consequences because of the disparities in the language they use in the business world. In addition to this, they continue to be ignorant because of reality that is diminished by deceptions (Bercovitch et al., 1994). Once again, in contrary to the image which is sought by these salesmen to identify themselves, the image of women is introduced. In a particular scene, Levene advises Williamson at one point, â€Å"a man’s his job† (Mamet, 1983). The apparent point is that doing a job is what makes a man; it gives a man identity. Moreover, Levene stresses that if â€Å"you don’t have the balls† to do the job then â€Å"you’re a secretary† (Mamet, 1983). Traditionally, secretarial jobs are performed by women. Or, as Roma exclaim to Williamson when the latter blows up a transaction, â€Å"where did you learn your trade, you stupid fucking cunt† (Mamet, 1983). Then further says â€Å"you idiot, who ever told you you could work with men?† (Mamet, 1983). If the identity of man is identified based on his performance at work, then failures classify a worker as woman. In particular, it is the differentiation of these two closely prescriptive positions that suggests any sense of identity for these salesmen. And feminine is agreed a negative position. According to McDonough , â€Å"it (feminine) is set up as the failure and lack that a man must overcome in order to establish and maintain his identity as a man† (1963). On the contrary, this construct of male identity stays exceedingly questionable and is continuously exposed by the same antagonism that is thought to create it. The prevailing need of David Mamet’s male characters is for confirmation of their identity, for understanding, comfort, love and friendship. However, this need is neglected because of the fear that needing anything is a sign of weakness and it is unmanly to be insecure in one’s identity. Distrust of the world which the characters live produces this fear. Fear of infidelity in sexual relationships, friendship and business transactions results in distrust among everybody. In addition to this, distrust and fear lies in one’s lack of confidence within the self (McDonough, 2996). To support this, Stephen Shapiro in his study of masculinity argues that, â€Å"male self- mistrust is caused by narcissism and reinforced by male silence, emotional inhibition and puerile attitudes and behavior† (1984). He also adds that â€Å"the division inside men, in the male psyche, has the drastic social consequence of weakening trust in all other relationships† (Shapiro, 1984). Moreover, that â€Å"weakening of the bonds of trust in these relationships causes still further decay in male self-trust† (Shapiro, 1984). In Shapiro’s view, it can be deduced that the characters Edmond, Bernie, Fox and Levene, are motivated by frantic uncertainty or lack of confidence regarding their manhood. According to McDonough, â€Å"this is a sense of powerlessness that they seek to over-compensate for† (1997). She also adds that â€Å"it is a need to establish their manhood in the face of real or imagined challenges to it† (McDonough, 1987). Most of the time, these challenges are personal, internal insecurities. Moreover, they are regularly protected onto the outside world; oftentimes, onto women or else onto fellow salesmen, workers or friends. Above all, David Mamet’s characters assume they have something to verify about themselves through competition with others. As a result, they are imprisoned in a vicious belief of antagonism that they cannot escape.   Within Mamet’s plays, antagonism shows the standards of masculinity. Roma states: â€Å"I swear it’s not a world of men. Machine, it’s a world of clock watchers, bureaucrats, officeholders. It’s a fucked up world. There’s no adventure to it. Dying breed. Yes it is. We are the members of a dying breed† (Mamet, 1983). Masculinity can observed all throughout the play where salesmen refer to themselves as â€Å"men†.   However, it should be noted that they are not referring to themselves of gender. Rather, it can be deduced that the salesmen are a select order of people. As Roma reiterates that they are â€Å"a dying breed†. On the contrary, the â€Å"clock watchers, bureaucrats, officeholders† do not refer to true men. These â€Å"machines† take orders. The personality which these people have does not strongly reflect their work. This can be observed in the likes of Williamson and Shelley â€Å"Machine† Levine. Williamson is a non-salesman while Levene is, according to Kane, more despicable than the arrogant top salesman† (2004). They are considered to be â€Å"despicable company men† who serve simply as cogs in the corporate machine. Levine’s former success is frequently associated with inhumanity. David Mamet implies Levene determined his own destiny but did so mechanically. In some ways, â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† seems like a modernized and more mordant version of Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† (1996). Shelley Levene in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†, just like Willy Loman in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† is in the last stages of falling apart. He continues living in a largely inhuman world, one unreceptive to any but the majority of aggressive personalities. A product of this world is Levene, who has been an aggressor. However, now he’s old, out of luck and he’s being shown up in the competition. It starts to appear that perhaps he was never all that good anyway. As George affirms, â€Å"he (Levene) has no money, very little pride left (and) his confidence is shattered† (1994). Conceivably the most distinguished fictional salesman is Willy Loman, whose frustrated dreams ultimately divide his family and ruins him. His unyielding quest for success, together with an idealistic view of the world, results in his being â€Å"done in† largely due to the capitalist system. He ignores his emotional life in the certainty that the one purpose of the real-estate business was to generate money. Although he finds that success does not bring him the contentment he seeks. Willy Loman can be considered an archetypal salesman in literature, an unusual combination of both victim and oppressor whose demise is brought about by self-delusion and societal pressure (Dean, 1990). In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, the American dream may be Willy Loman’s vision of a house and successful children with families of their own. And like Willy, the salesmen in David Mamet’s play all have their American dreams, though it may be different. However, these salesmen don’t dream of grand houses or successful children. Instead, they dream of the rich customer who will enable them to stop working for those who exploit them. They also dream continually of success. Though similarly, as a whole, both Arthur Miller and David Mamet point out the disappointments and failures of the American dream myth and the vindictiveness in capitalistic society. For numerous cohorts of writers who have assessed the American Dream, the salesman has been a symbol of its shortcomings. Indeed, being a salesman can lead to great wealth and that it is the means for a common man to make good by complete hard work. On the other contrary, this is not the characteristic that such writers choose to accentuate. To these people, as Dean affirms, is â€Å"a society that advocates this kind of self-improvement is a consumer society based on materialism† (Dean, 1990). It has, at its heart, an worthlessness that can never be assuaged by yet additional money in the bank. The salesmen gain enthusiasm from the promise of happiness and gratification in return for material success. Their clients too are as much a part of the capitalist hegemony where their purchase is their symbol of material success. The salesmen invest these purchases with remarkable, life-enhancing properties that embrace the guarantee of a better future. However, the truth is not the same. In the same way as the salesmen’s endless quest for unauthentic success is basically a chimera. The goods which they sell are quite insignificant. For that reason, the salesmen are taking advantage of those who, like them, must dream and think of a brighter future (Dean, 1990). Stafford in â€Å"Visions of a Promised Land† stops short of an allegorical reading of â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†. Though, he does present the thought-provoking question that Aaronow, Levene and Moss are older Jewish men who may possibly be celebrated with Old Testament figures. Stafford also proposes that they have been paying attention to the real estate business partly by their personal searches for a â€Å"promised land† (1996). â€Å"Ricky Roma, Mitch and Murray are more likely to be gentiles† (Stafford, 1996) associated both with conquering Rome (in Roma’s case) and latter-day Christian entrepreneurial types. On the other hand, the frequent allusions to Old Testament figures and the motif of land for sale imply, Stafford believes, that â€Å"the division of the conflict into old versus new, age versus youth beliefs, gives a sense of historical perspective† (1996). Moreover, â€Å"these ancient traditions have been replaced with a modern day religion based on greed, deceit and spiritual bankruptcy† (Stafford, 1996). Similarly, in â€Å"Weasels and Wisemen†, Leslie Kane concurs that the playwright utilizes allusions to archetypal biblical characters such as the Levites, Moses and Aaron. She adds that there is â€Å"as a link between ancient and modern worlds, values, aspirations and spirituality† (Kane, 1999). Yet it is apparent that insensitive business corporation has, in a sense, changed ancient Judaic ideas of moral and social responsibilities. As a result, the characters in Mamet’s play are caught in a moral predicament. They are rapped between their craving to acquire the land or achieve from its sale and their longing for old value systems. David Mamet’s job is to create a closed moral universe and to leave an evaluation of the characters’ behavior to the audience. He means the evaluation to be difficult rather than easy and for the audience to squirm on the hook. As Mamet has said in â€Å"Decay: Some Thoughts for Actors†, â€Å"we need not fall victim to the liberal fallacy of assuming that because we can perceive a problem we are, de factor, not part of the problem† (1986). According to an interview made by David Savran with David Mamet, Savran asks â€Å"why the subtext is always about power, buying and selling† (1988). Mamet responds â€Å"why not?† and defends it by saying â€Å"I guess most American literature, the American literature that I love, that I grew up on, is about business (and) that’s what America is about† (Savran, 1988). In the point of view of David Mamet, the American Society is composed of human life based on business. When Mamet proposed the delineation of the difficult business world, he â€Å"demonstrated the import of human community as well as the inevitability of conflicts among people† (Wan-Ling, 2000). Whereas, the myth of the American Dream aims to persuade the audience or the salesmen that everybody has an equal opportunity to attain his success, on top of all material success. On the other hand, David Mamet aimed to â€Å"expose the reality that part of such myth brings not only a possibility of the conflict on benefits among people but also that of the blur of boundaries between businessmanship and friendship† (Wan-Ling, 2000). In â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†, the functions and effects of power due to the needs and interests of its characters are carefully revealed. Instead of simply presenting his observations on the exercise of power, David Mamet also indicated a reflection of the ruthlessness and gracelessness of the business world. More specifically, as an American playwright, David Mamet manifested in his play the realistic and materialistic American business world. Through Foucauldian analytics of power, it can be realized that the salesmen in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† are not, in the essence, destined to be repressed by the capitalistic system, nor by their colleagues. They have the choice and the ability to resist, which would dominantly bring them to a higher hierarchy in the business world. In essence, David Mamet adduces the business world in â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† â€Å"for highlighting the distortion of relationships in human community† (Wan-Ling, 2000). Hence, it can be deduced that it is the characters who trap themselves. Moreover, it is the human beings who cause this distortion. And for this reason, David Mamet achieves his purpose of reminding the actualities of human relationships to his readers. References Bercovitch, S., Carswell, C. H., & Patell, C. R. K. (1999). The Cambridge History of American Literature. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Bigsby, C. W. E. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to David Mamet. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Dean, A. (1990). David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action. New Jersey: Associated University Presses. George, K. (1994). Playwriting: The First Workshop. USA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kane, L. (1999). Weasels and Wisemen: Ethics and Ethnicity in the Works of David Mamet. New York: St. Martin’s. Kane, L. (2004). The Art of Crime: The Plays and Films of Harold Pinter and David Mamet. New York: Routledge. King, K. (2001). Modern Dramatists. New York: Routledge. Mamet, D. (1983). Glengarry Glen Ross: A Play. New York: Grove Press. Mamet, D. (1986). Decay: Some Thoughts for Actions. New York: Viking. McDonough, C. J. (1963). Staging Masculinity: Male Identity in Contemporary American Drama. North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. Miller, A. (1996). Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin Classics. Savran, D. (1988). In Their Own Words: Contemporary American Playwrights. New York: Theatre Communications Groups. Shapiro, S. A. (1984). Manhood: A New Definition. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Stafford, T. J. (1996). David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross: Text and Performances. New York: Garland. Wan-Ling, C. (2000). Theatre of Power. Taiwan: National Sun Yat-Sen University.   

Link between Gender Inequality and Economic Growth

The Link between Gender Inequality and Economic Growth It is not generally seen that the economy and gender development are interconnected in terms of each other's influence and their development process. However, this correlation is well-explained by the fact that if women's employment rates were raised to 70 percent, which is closer to that of many developed nations, the annual Gross Domestic Product (GAP) of Asia would increase by up to 2-4 percent (United Nations in China, 2010). Indeed, economic growth has impacts on gender inequality levels both positively and negatively, whereas gender inequality hampers economic growth as a whole.Connell (2009, 1 1) defines the term gender as â€Å"the structure of social relations that centers on the reproductive arena, and the set of practices that bring reproductive distinctions between bodies into social processes. † Gender inequality refers to the unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men (ASSAI, 2001). E conomic growth is defined by an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared to one period to another (Riley, 2012).For example, gender inequality can be a barrier to the process f development by weakening the ability of household members to engage in productive activities. At the same time, structural changes that accompany the development process can significantly weaken/loosen the constraints that women and men face when they work towards new economic approaches. This paper analyses the links between gender inequality and economic growth and the complexity associated with this relationship. In order to examine the link between gender inequality and economic growth, it is important to have a clear understanding of some key concepts.Firstly, social construction is a key concept that is used to understand how people build and organize ideas, actions and thoughts around a perception through cultural and social influence (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). Next, gender relation is the interaction of different masculinity and femininity to shape the power dominance of the society (March et al, 1999). Moreover, globalization â€Å"is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It is the notion of a shrinking world including unequal flows of labor, capital and ideas† (Stilling, 2002).It is also crucial to understand gender accountability in analyzing the relationship between economic growth and gender inequality. Gender accountability refers to the process by which members of a society hold others accountable for transgressing or defying traditional social expectations of gender (West and Zimmerman, 1987). Gender performance is creating differences between women and men and their interaction with others which are not natural or biologically based (West and Zimmerman, 1987). Finally, gendered division of labor refers to the ways in which certain Jobs or tasks become ge ndered in a patriarchal society (March et al, 1999).There are positive aspects of economic growth that help to shorten the gender gap, especially in the decision- making power within households despite the certain exceptional cases that function in the reverse order. In most circumstances, economic development reduces the disadvantages faced by women. Firstly, economic development plays a huge role in women education (World Bank, 2011 b). Women work under low-wage conditions partly because of the poverty at their homes. It is not that women prefer to supply labor at a very low wage, but they are forced to do so in order to manage the financial condition at home.Once the economic stability at family level improves, the number of women who go into low-wage Jobs for their poor economic condition at home reduces and the low-wage Jobs would no longer be reserved for women. For example, the workers in garment factories in Bangladesh, a major source of export earnings, are mostly women, an d as the cost of living increases, the cost of women not going to work exceeds the cost of them working in low-wage Jobs (Siberia 1995). Secondly, poor economic condition makes women less aware about hygiene, and they cannot afford to medical expenditures, especially during menstruation period and pregnancy.It creates an environment for the employers to consider women as weakness and less productive (World Bank, 2011 b). Economic growth increases women's health care that result in improved level of women's fitness to any career. Eventually, sexist attitudes of employers about suitable tasks for women change. For example, the enrollment of women in Engineering, which requires field work, has been increasing day by day (Unguent, 2000). Thirdly, economic growth brings up changes in decision-making power of men and women at household level. It challenges the social construction that men are the breadwinners of a household.Rising income levels at household level associated with increased household expenditures challenges the patriarchal system and creates pathways for women to enter into Job market. However, it might affect the gender relations at home that men would not accept their power to be shared. Siberia explains the use of women's earnings in household spending: My husband likes that my income is for luxuries, for the little things that catch my fancy. Although sometimes I pay for household things, during difficult months. He tells me, it is his Job to provide for food, clothing, rent and other necessities. Siberia, 1995:) It portraits the men's perception that they do not want their women to contribute towards the economy of the family due to the social construction of men as breadwinners. In contrast, economic growth as an outcome of globalization creates opportunities for women to become empowered and to report violence against women. Women are mostly exposed to different social contexts that in turn heighten awareness about gender equality and the need for alleviating gender discrimination that they were not aware of and women's dependency on men.My experience at AY-JAW is itself a good example of how an exposure to different social context can hence a person's attitudes towards gender discrimination and violence. Five years back from now, if I were asked if it is fine for men to have the entire power within households, I would say yes'. However, if the same question is asked now, my answer would be ‘no'. Finalization of labor migration, which refers to the trend of growing employment of women which is possible mostly because of the expansion of technological improvement, trade and capital flows (Legal terms, Definitions and Dictionary, n. ). Also gives opportunities for women to get exposed to other countries where women can learn that they should get equal rights. Having experienced the effects of gender accountability in other countries and knowing that women's equality is important, once they get back to their home socie ties, there is a high possibility that they will fight against gender discrimination. Exposure to different social context might lead women to be more aware about the social norms and patriarchy of their own society that favored men (Ridgeway, 1997).They would eventually come forward to make changes in the society that results in reducing gender gap in the society. However, economic development does not always help to narrow down the gender AP; rather, in certain cases, it increases the socio-economic vulnerability of women. Despite the economic development and the increasing women's participation in the labor force, the incidence of sex-selective abortions and the absolute number of ‘missing women', coined by Mammary Seen (2003) refers to the terrible deficit of women in substantial parts of Asian and north Africa, which arises from sex bias in relative care, are growing.The critical condition is further explained by the fact that â€Å"China and India together account for m ore than 85 million of the nearly 100 million missing† women estimated to have died from discriminatory treatment in health care, nutrition and nutrition access or pure neglect, or because they were never born in the first place† (United Nations in China, 2010). In rural areas of Asia, the social construction of femininity that all girls/women should get married is strongly followed. The societies develop a gendered centralization that parents take the responsibility of marrying women off once girl children are born itself (Slakes at el, 2003).Women do not get enough gains from the new paid-employment opportunities. They are given opportunities to paid workforce, at the same time they re employed in insecure environment that does not make any changes in the level of gender inequality. For example, even though women are given permission by their husbands or families to work in garment industries, they are often abused by their employers, not allowed to go to toilets even when they are urgent (Siberia, 1995). Violence against women is high even when they work for longer hours than men do (Ridgeway, 1997).After understanding how economic growth affects gender inequality, it is crucial to understand how gender inequality hampers economic growth. Most importantly, economic growth is hampered by the constraints that keep omen involved in unpaid work, and the unequal opportunities that favor men over women (Beerier et al 2004). Women's Jobs in export industries such as textiles and garments have been important in generating foreign currency earnings. Dependence on women workers in labor-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing has become a common pattern across Asia as women's share of manufacturing employment rose during their export drives.Therefore, gender inequality has negative impacts on economic growth. Furthermore, gender inequality in education and employment hampers economic growth. The low level of access to education for women is linked with h igher rates of fertility and lower savings rates. Rising fertility can reduce investment in children's education and health. (Ridgeway, 1997). Moreover, inequality in education can contribute to women's unequal household bargaining power, affecting the distribution of household resources.The unequal decision-making power at household level might affect the overall household management, and thus prohibits the development process of households given the resources. For instance, a sole member making all the decisions would not be as effective as the incidence here both husband and wife together make decisions, with a mutual understanding of the benefit-cost analysis (Unguent, 2000). However, it is the social construction in Asian societies that a woman in a household being more educated would be considered as a threat to the men's masculinity.Men make sure that the income brought to home by women would not be spent to main household spending, but on luxuries (Siberia, 1995). Indeed, me n preserve the socially constructed norm that men have the control over the income and transgressing would affect the gender relations. Additionally, systematic differences in investments in girls' and boys' education can lead to Job sector inefficiency due to distortion in skill levels (Bosnian, 2003). Investing too much in less-talented men and investing too little in competent women reduces the total productivity in the economy (Bosnian, 2003).In other words, gendered division of labor arises where the labor queues become gender queues because employers rank males as more valuable workers than females (Resin and Ross, 1990). When employers hire workers, they take into consideration about the loss of their institutions' productivity level, especially the maternity leave that women take (Timekeepers, 2012). Employers make an assumption that all women will get pregnant and have children. The assumption is basically developed from the socially constructed idea of femininity that all women will have children.Against the assumption, the enforcement of maternity leave legislation in Taipei, China led to a 2. 5-percentage-point increase in women's employment (Civilize and Rodgers, 2003). In some patriarchal societies, certain Jobs are allocated only for men. For example, in northern part of Sir Lankan, CNN (three wheeler) drivers were usually male, and the government introduced a plan that allows female to be CNN drivers. After some time, an accident occurred in which the fault was found to be on the side of CNN driver who is a female. Based on the incident, there were some controversies regarding whether to allow the women do be CNN drivers further.However, the point to be noted here is that there were so many accidents held earlier to the particular event, and they were committed by male CNN drivers. No inquiries were done to the male drivers, but when the same incidence is caused by women, they held up to scrutiny. It again shows the gender discrimination in soc ieties, and people being more critical when gender norms are transgressed. In addition, sexist unequal expectations of gender performance are other constraints that affect economic growth at the household levels.Men and women are sometimes pressured to perform gender according to what is acceptable in their particular society, rather than thinking about rational choices about family income. For example, Sir Lankan male cleaners go to Middle Eastern countries to financially support their families (Near, 2010). Although they are involved in feminizes Jobs' abroad, when they return to their societies, they do not keep involving in feminizes activities because they think this would be a wreath to their masculinity (Near, 2010).As a result, men, who strongly support the patriarchal system of men as breadwinners of a family, fail minimize the costs within households by not accounting the female labor force participation. In order to address the barriers to the development of economy and g ender, a strong foundation for policy implementations that alleviate the constraints that women face should be considered. These will include remedying heavy time burdens devoted to unpaid work, regulations that favor men, inadequate public infrastructure, insufficient access to agricultural inputs, discriminatory practices in the labor market, and social constructions.Asian governments have also paid relatively limited attention to gendered vulnerabilities in their social protection policies (ILL and ADS, 2011). By decreasing gender inequality, from the household level to major indexes, a country's overall economy can be developed at a faster pace (Ridgeway, 1997) Likewise, as economic development occurs, we have to make sure that it will not lead to a path in which gender inequality grows even more. Works Cited Beerier, G. , Y. Rodgers, and J. Civilize. 004. International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia.

Bread Givers Summary

Bread Givers is written by AnziaYezierska. This book demonstrates how a girl prevent to follow her sisters’ steps and choose her own way of living. The narrator of this book is Sara Smolinsky. She is a ten year’s old little girl who always worried for the house as a mother. She is such a sweet and strong minded girl. Sara’s family is extremely poor and if Sara’s sisters don’t find a job, the whole family will be kicked out of the house for not paying rent. Sara has three sisters; Bessie is the oldest, then Mashah and Fania, and none of them has a job.Sara’s mother, Shena, is a traditional housewife who thinks women can only be wife and mom, no women get to learn knowledge and their whole life will rely on a man. Her traditional minds affect her daughters sometimes. Reb, Sara’s father, he studies religion all the time and only care about his bible and beliefs. He does not have a job and does not take the responsibility for his entire fa mily even though he is the only man in the house. The whole family was hanging on Bessie’s neck for her salaries since she is the oldest girl.Everyday all the girls except for Sara needs to go out and try to find a job because the family has no income if there is nobody in the house has a job. Mashah kept buying herself some fancy stuff like soap and towel which is a big waste of money. Later on, the tax collectors came into the house and ask for the rent that the Smolinsky has been arrear for a while. Reb slapped the tax collector for thrown his bible on the floor, and surely Reb got into jail. As the plot going, Bessie fell in love with a guy named Berel Bernstein who is a cutter in the shop where Bessie works.As soon as Reb came back home, he started question Berel about religious belief and Reb embarrassed Berel. Reb didn’t agree with the marriage simply because Bessie earns him the biggest wages. Reb and Berel kept arguing for a while because Reb asked Berel to pa y for the wedding and buy outfit for himself. Finally, Berel found out the only thing Reb cares about is money. Berel rushed to the door and slammed himself out. The next day, Berel talked to Bessie if she wants to marry him without her father’s allowance. Bessie’s answer is no because she couldn’t leave her father, he needs her.Weeks later, Berel announces his engagement with another girl which made Bessie extremely upset. For Mashah, she fell in love with Jacob Novak who is a piano player. Jacob’s family is so rich that his father did not want Mashah to marry his son. Jacob listened to his father and left Mashah. Later on, Jacob felt regret and wanted to date Mashah again but Reb intervened because it happened once and there will be the second time and he pushed Jacob out of the apartment. In chapter five, Reb got a letter from Morris Lipkin saying he wanted to marry Fania.Obviously Reb refused Morris’ quest simply because Morris is poor. Later, Reb brought a guy Moe and introduced Moe to his family in front of Morris but ignored Morris. Morris took offense at it and walked away without return. Few weeks later, Reb brought a cloak dealer named Abe Schmukler and he asked Fania to marry him. Both Mashah and Fania got married that day. It seemed like both of the girls married a rich guy. Reb became well known for his deed that he found two excellent husbands for both of his daughters. However, Mashah and Fania soon discovered both of their husbands are liars.Moe and Abe aren’t rich at all. Later in the book, a fish –peddler named Zalmon married Bessie because he gave promises to give Reb a few hundred dollars to set Reb in business. Till now, all three of Reb’s daughters were married and none of them have a happy marriage. In the very end of chapter 8, Reb got mad at Sara for two cents. A girl didn’t have all twelve cents to buy a pound of rice, instead, she had ten. Sara trusted the little girl tha t she will bring two cents back so Sara sold the rice for ten cents and that made Reb exceedingly angry.Finally Sara couldn’t stand it anymore and she decided to leave home by herself. At first, Sara went to Bessie’s house and willing to live with them. As soon as Sara got there, Bessie told her she is too poor to help Sara. Then Sara went to see Mashah. However, Sara found out Mashah’s life isn’t as well as everybody thought of. Mashah’s house is spotless and Moe treated Mashah very poor. Later on, Sara made a plan which changed her life forever. Sara decided to go to night school with a goal of earning a teacher’s certificate. Then Sara rent a room and found a job as an ironer.Except for sleeping, Sara spent ten hours at work, two hours at school and another two hours to study on her own. Sara is barely eating enough and she is starving. For a few days Sara was hungry, and she burned a shirt due to can’t focus her mind during the da y. She had to pay a couple of dollars to make up her mistake which put her finance into a worse situation. Sara worked hard both at school and at work so that there was no spare time for her to visit home. Later on, Sara met Max who is Fania’s husband Abe’s business partner.Max fell in love with Sara but she would rather stay out of this relationship. However, Sara’s father Reb, suddenly came to Sara’s apartment and checked with her whether she refused to marry Max. Reb tried his best to preach Sara in order to make get married with Max. Again, Sara rejected Reb’s persuasion. In chapter 16, Sara got into a college and soon she figured out college life is way harder than she thought of. Sara had a great desire to learn and she rent a room next to her professor which made her have to pay more for the rent since the room is nicer and bigger than the one she used to rent.The professors’ were all interested in Sara’s story about her life i n Hester Street which is a good thing to Sara, because, as an exchange, the professors taught Sara more knowledge. Time flies by, Sara smoothly graduated from college and she got her certificate as a teacher. Her goal was achieved and she is now on her way to visit home since she had been away from home for over six years. Everything around Sara seemed so lovely and Sara was filled with new hope. However, after Sara returned home, she found her mom; Shenah was desperately ill and refused to go see the doctor.Later on, Shenah dead due to illness and her only wish to Sara was to take good care of her husband, Reb. Sara soon visited Reb, for her mother Shenah willing her to take care of Reb. As soon as Shenah dead, Reb started wearing his nice clothes and married his neighbor Mrs. Feinstein later on. However, Reb soon realized that her new wife only cares about his money and she had been waiting for him to die so that she can take all of his money away. Reb felt sad and willing to leav e her. Later, Sara got to meet Hugo Seelig, the principal.Sara repected him and she soon became friend with Hugo. They begin walk home together every day and their relationship was a step further. A few months passed by, Sara ran into a guy who was selling gum and surprisingly Sara recognized that old man was her father. Sara realized Reb was sick and she began take care of him every day after school. The good thing is, Reb was getting better and better each day. Then, Sara brought Hugo home to her father, and it seemed like they got along well with each other. Hugo said that Reb must come live with them.