Customer Relationship Management in Bahrain Investment Banking Arena Essay Example for Free

Customer Relationship Management in Bahrain investment funds Banking Arena EssayThe entrusting manufacture has undergone far-flung changes within the in operation(p) environment and this involves globalization of markets and technological improvements. These two operators w be influenced and encouraged innovative practices within the banking industry that has practised to enhance its operational efficiency. The introduction of ATMs and e-banking facilities ar most of the major(ip) milestones in the banking industry that learn revolutionized business operations.The global markets begin intensified the competitive environment of the banking industry that has created the need for increased efficiency in operations and increase customer satisfaction. Customers are the lifeblood of any organization and the banking business too depends on the acquisition and retention of consumers for its profitability. Customer birth management forms a life-sustaining aspect of business strategy driving the companys market shares and market leadership position.Customer relationship management (CRM) has been defined as a business strategy that is a fusion of a series of functions, skills, processes, and technologies which together allow companies to more profitably manage (acquire and retain) customers as tangible assets (Shanmu swashundaram, 200898). It is viewed as an synergetic process that creates a balance between corporate nonsubjectives and customer satisfaction to increase the profitability of the business.Acquisition and retention of customers is one of the vital requirements of business and the intensity level of strategies goaded towards this goal determines the success of business enterprises. The past some years have witnessed growe application of CRM in retail banking and investment banking sectors. The key objective quarter such initiatives is to turn back the delivery of superior customer service and to fulfil the needs of consumers.Such practi ces are effective in enabling organizations to accept the needs of the consumers and provide improved service in comparison to other players in the industry. Competitive advantage and business gains are driven by a proactive approach that focuses on consumer needs and expectations, provision of consistently high quality service, looking into consumer convenience and an effective follow up service to ensure consumer loyalty. A vital aspect of investment banking and any other financial services is the changing consumer mindsets.Owing to the abundance of information easily accessible everyplace the Internet the consumers today are more knowledgeable of the wide range of choices and alternatives available to them. The consumers are equipped with more knowledge related to the banking options available and because their banking decisions are guided by their well-researched study. This fact holds true for all economic sectors and business operations but forms a critical aspect of bankin g industries since it caters to a diverse segment of consumers. In nearly all business to business markets in which clients are as large as, or as in this case, often oftentimes larger than their suppliers, the latter must respond quickly to pressures from their clients to improve client management processes and systems (Foss Stone, 2002 211).CRM in Investment banking sector The short term objective of the trade department is to acquire customers while the long term objective translates to retaining the old customers through effective customer relationship management (CRM) strategies. Reaching and acquiring a new customer is one thing, keeping the relationship healthy and strong over a long cessation of time is the mark of the true marketing professional concerned with long term health of the organization (Dolak, 2009). The increasing competitive market makes it difficult to retain customers over a longer period of time owing to the constant influx of new and substitute altern atives invading the shelf spaces at the local retail shop. This makes the task of CRM increasingly challenging and organizations marry various strategies to attract old customers back.Retention strategies often employ measures such as consumer behaviour research and product surveys that change the organizations to assess the needs and expectations of the consumer and enable them to serve better. Customers always appreciate the personal touch that results in building strong relationships. The net today provides numerous effective communication channels that are cosmos used to keep the customer happy. Web based customer relationship management has effectively integrated all modes of communication web, email, chat, video, voice to serve and support the customers to enhance the total customer experience.Investment banking differs from other forms of banking in the role a few major clients play on the banks performance and productivity (Foss Stone, 2002). This form of banking targe ts a fixed client segment that drives the sales of investment products and services. The efficiency of the banking sector is determined by the types of products and services exchange to customers in response to their investment needs and expectations. Customization of products and services are the key to deriving client satisfaction.Identification of the client segment is a vital factor in targeting and range out to the desired client population and this process is driven by market research. The changing demographics and intense competitive pressures from global industry players have however made a significant impact on the business strategies of investment banks worldwide. The challenges faced by investment bankers lie in reaching out to target consumers and providing them with increased ease of banking services that serve to retain clients over a longer period of time.Moreover, the increasing demands of consumers and growing expectations have driven the banking sector to adopt applied science based innovative applications for meeting consumer needs and expectations. Online banking services and mobile banking applications are some of the innovative means that are being used by investment bankers to reach out to their target consumers. Such applications have served to improve banking services and efficiencies in resolving customer queries and needs like a shot through the click of the mouse button.The anytime and anywhere access to banking services have defined new trends in serving consumers. Online customization is one useful customer relationship management strategy adopted by e-business to add value and improve sales of their products and services using the Internet (Khosla et al. , 2003). Investment banking in Bahrain The banking sector in Bahrain is one of the key sectors influencing economic growth and development in the region. The contribution of the financial services and banking sector is second only to the oil and natural gas industry in the co untry.The country has experienced an economic boom and an upward trend in economic growth and development over the past few decades on account of globalisation influences and opening of trade channels. The banking sector has also opened to multinational corporations establishing their operations in the country to tap the growing quash of high net worth individuals in the country. Despite the globalisation of banking operations and increased de-regulation of the financial services sector in the area the country continues to have a significant control and supervision over the regulatory environment.The Central Bank of Bahrain continues to be monitor and control the banking environment in the country. The modernisation of banking services and strategic approaches made by investment bankers in other parts of the globe have not produced much impact in this region owing to the constraints applied by the existing cultural influence. The retail banking scenario in Bahrain is to a considera ble extent driven by the culture of the country. The cultural impacts are bring in in the conservative approach of consumers towards banking and investment.Various research studies have concluded that while the region is an emerging market for technology applications and innovative practices, user attitudes have limited the scope of technology based business models in the banking sector. The conservative market environment and user attitudes towards the CRM strategies adopted by investment bankers in Bahrain forms the focal point of the research study. The research study will analyse the various perspectives involved in CRM approach by investment bankers through the study of Unicorn Investment Bank in Bahrain. The bank was founded in the year 2004 and has its headquarters in Bahrain.It is an Islamic financial services group that has an international presence in various locations such as Malaysia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and United States. The bank currently has six distinctive busines s service categories that include asset management and real estate, pileus markets, corporate finance, private equity, strategic mergers and acquisitions and treasury. Among the various services offered by the bank the key approach is to deliver the customers with a comprehensive range of investment solutions that are customised to meet client needs and expectations.Unicorns integrated product offering and financial engineering skills are closely intertwined with a strong capacity to emit the Banks products and services to a broad client base across the GCC region, the wider Middle East region, Southeast Asia, the USA and the Europe (Unicorn, 2010). The target customers of the bank include high net worth individuals, business enterprises, financial institutions, corporations, and government agencies and departments. The products offered by the bank are Shariah compliant and conforms to the international financial practices (Unicorn, 2010).Issues and challenges All major banks have invested heavily in technology and infrastructure over the last 5 and 10 years in this area, but hardly any of them have been successful in actually getting it effective (Infosys, 2009). The failure of CRM initiatives within the investment banking sector have provided a new ground for research into increasing the effectiveness of CRM applications. There are many strategic implications related to the application of CRM within investment banking sector.This involves the adaptation of normal banking processes and systems to integrate with innovative use of technology based applications and automated query processing systems that require efficient management and handling of issues. Such issues pertain to the efficient use of CRM systems to meet operational goals and consolidation the different banking functions to provide a structured application that can be used easily by consumers. Ease of use and convenience are some of the key parameters involved in the development of CRM based ba nking system.A key challenge facing these areas involves the security and privacy issues that form a major reservoir of concern for consumers using the technology based applications. Technology based business models and CRM strategies enable investment bankers to provide the customers with efficiency in delivery of services, access to germane(predicate) information, product details and ease of transactions. Mobile banking and e-banking facilitates the customers of investment banking to a host of facilities that range from product enquiry access updated rates of interest and market value of the investment products chosen and conducts investment transactions online.Investment portfolios can also be accessed and manipulated according to user convenience from the comforts of their home or office. However, widespread usage of such systems has been restricted on account of user reservations related to security issues and privacy of vital user data and information. Mobile banking and onl ine transactions sex security and privacy concerns among most of the consumers (Barati Mohammadi, 2009). The transfer of sensitive financial and personal information across mobile networks is found to be the prime reason behind the psychological barriers created among potential mobile banking customers (Laukkanen, 2007).

Security Requirements & Possible Risks Essay Example for Free

Security Requirements Possible Risks EssayHuffman Trucking, an established trucking comp any since 1936, has recently pass the implementation of a new Benefits Elections dodging to assist management in tracking and reporting the benefits of both union and non-union employees. A database governance forget be utilized to store critical data such as employee information, along with the benefit package of their choosing. Storing such information requires necessary pledge sum of moneys to be in place to delay the total protection of the data within. The risks associated with storing critical information must also be totally addressed so Huffman Trucking empennage develop effective action plans to prevent potential threats from harming the organization. Regardless of the storage method when handling critical information, credential measures must be implemented to in effect protect the data, as rise as the company as focalises from potential threats such as theft or litiga tion.Security RequirementsWhen it comes to effectively protecting company data, any organization has the great responsibility to identify as well as implement security policies, values, strategies, processes, procedures, and best practices to fully ensure data protection, as well as ensure that organizational goals and objectives argon continu eachy being met (Reiner, 2008). The information that will be stored within the Huffman Trucking database will include employee names, social security numbers, birthdates, etc. The loss of such data can ultimately not only harm the employee, but the organization as a whole. In an sweat to reduce and/or eliminate such risks, security requirements for the Benefits Elections System should include firewall security, encryption, and password protection and substitution.Firewall security is an absolute necessary security requirement to effectively protect the database from malicious attacks such as hackers. Firewall security refers to a network de vice that will block certain types of network traffic, forming a barricade mingled with a trusted and an untrusted network ( dingle, 2013). The purpose of this security measure is to prevent the spread of computer attacks by blocking vex to information from unofficial sources. Due to the amount of sensitive data that will be stored within the musical arrangement, it is recommended that the firewalls should be configured to support the default-deny policy, in which the allowed network services are listed, and everything else is denied (Dell, 2013).The use of encryption will also enhance the security of the information that will be stored within the Benefits Elections System. Encryption is a simple security measure that will distort the information contained within an employee file so that it can be viewed only by the authorized users who have the proper encryption central to decipher it. Much like firewall security, it will block unauthorized users from accessing confidential i nformation by making the data impossible to view.news protection and renewal are crucial security measures that must be enforced by Huffman Trucking to ensure the protection of data stored within the Benefits Elections System. Authorized users should protect their passwords at all costs unprotected passwords leave critical data vulnerable to access by unauthorized users. Recommendations to ensure a password is protected include * Password length A password should always be at least eight characters long.* Complexity Make a password as interlocking as possible by using a variety of letters, numbers, symbols and punctuations. The more complex the password, the better protected it is. * Variation Change a password at least every three months, if not more. * Variety Use different passwords for different accounts. Never use the same password for everything. * Confidentiality Never share or write down a password. Writing down or sharing a password leaves critical data vulnerable in ways that nearly people can never imagine.The ability of an organization to renew passwords frequently is a significant step towards enhanced data protection (Brown, 2010). To enhance the authorization of password renewal, system users should not have the ability to use previous passwords when renewing the current ones. Implementing password renewal on the Benefits Elections System will ensure security measures are continually enforced, especially in the event that if an unauthorized user were to gain access to the system, the password would only be good for a specific length of time before it will be changed. Possible RisksRisk is a term that most people, as well as organizations, are familiar with. Risk can be defined as the probability of any possible threat turning into a disaster, which is why significant measures are often taken to reduce and/or eliminate such possibilities. By utilizing a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), Huffman Trucking can eff ectively determine the vulnerabilities associated with implementing a Benefits Elections System, and develop action plans to correct the vulnerabilities to prevent the risks from becoming reality. Several risks are often associated with the implementation of a new system, however, the main risks that must be considered by Huffman Trucking include database corruption, human error, and hacking and other malicious attacks.Database corruption is likely the most common cause of data loss within an information system (Mulvey, 2006). Database corruption damages the database and impairs functionality. Memory errors, network errors, power glitches, PC crashing when the database is open are all examples of incidences that can lead to database corruption. Data corruption is unfortunately essential however, there are several practices that can be done to avoid such a threat. These practices include, but are not limited to * Ensuring the network is set up properly.* Running Scandisk and Defrag often to ensure hard disk functionality. * Refraining from using databases during thunderstorms to avoid power glitches. * Ensuring the database is implemented correctly, and is ready to be utilized by all system users.Human error is perhaps one of the biggest threats that can lead to data corruption. It is important to keep in mind that the greater the number of system users of the Benefits Elections System, the more chances there are for crucial information to be leaked or mishandled. Taking the proper precautions to safeguard the data (this should include a thorough reproduction after system implementation) to ensure the information is appropriately handled at all times is vital to the well-being of both the employees, as well as the organization. attached the amount of sensitive information that will be stored within the Benefits Elections System, it is obvious that Huffman Trucking must be aware that cyber-criminals will try to gain access to such data should it be left unprot ected. Breaking into information systems for malicious intent is something that has made security what it is today thorough and inflexible.Hackers are smart like a shot they can make use of a number of tools and techniques to grant them access to information, which can have damaging effects on the victim(s). The possibilities of what a cyber-criminal will do once he or she has access to sensitive information are endless however, one thing is for sure the victim(s) could virtually lose everything. Without the proper security measures that were previously mentioned in place, the Benefits Elections System will be vulnerable to hackers and other malicious attacks.Thoroughly examining the potential risks with the implementation of any information system will allow an organization to effectively develop action plans and enforce the necessary security measures required to reduce and/or eliminate such risks. A thorough and effective risk analysis will demonstrate how firewall security, enc ryption, and password protection can reduce the risks of database corruption and malicious attacks. Like any information system, the Benefits Elections System will prove to be vulnerable to potential threats if not protected at all costs.ReferencesBrown, T. (2010). Protecting Organizations Most Critical Data with Privileged Password Management. New York, NY Auerbach Publications . Dell. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.secureworks.com/resources/articles/other_articles/firewall-security/ Mulvey, A. (2006). QA Database Corruption. Retrieved from

How Does Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 9 Essay Example for Free

How Does Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 9 EssayIn the grand Gatsby, the last chapter of the novel is told two years later nevertheless from the perspective of cut off. dent is writing two years later after the events with Gatsby, showing that a considerable amount of time has passed surrounded by its occurrence soon enough it is still fresh in Nicks mind. The fact that Nick is still reminiscing about Gatsby and has written a book about him highlights the huge preserve that Gatsby has had on Nicks life. The strong connection that Nick feels has been created between Gatsby and himself is evident particularly in chapter 9 as it is app arent that Nick feels responsible for him. Even two years later Nick feels a sense of responsibility and loyalty towards Gatsby and that he is owed the truth instead of all the malicious lies which are created by the reporters, similar to that of all the party goers. The idea that nobody respect Gatsby the way he does leads Nick to believ e that there was a scornful solidarity between Gatsby and me against them all. And so the start of his book begins two years later, the book that Nick hoped to clear Gatsbys name with and right the wrongs that occurred that summer.In the final chapter of the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates a sense of finality for the commentator suggesting the party was over. Through the use of the repetition of the word last Fitzgerald also demonstrates the end of Nicks experience with Gatsby. The reader ack straightawayledges that Nick finds it hard to move on and accept Gatsbys death as he tries to keep him alive through the creation of false memories as a result of his grief, believing Gatsby to have told him that I cant go through this alone. The obsession that Nick has with Gatsby is more evident as Nick tries harder and harder to create the funeral he feels that Gatsby deserves, however he was met with much disappointment by those who Gatsby had done so much for. During Nicks commences at assembling Gatsbys funeral he tries very hard to get the people Nick thought were Gatsbys friends to attend.The difficulty that occurred as a result of Nicks attempt highlights just how little an impact Gatsby truly had on any of their lives as nobody came. Fitzgerald uses this two-word sentence at the end of the paragraph to emphasise the betrayal Nick felt towards Gatsby, that after everything he did for everyone else, no one other than himself truly cared about him. The disappointment that Nick shows when nobody other than Gatsbys father and a few servants came, made Nick feel angry towards everyone else as the contrast between Gatsby in life and death is so hugely different and it is now a world in which Nick takes a while to accept. In life, Gatsby was someone who burned bright through his dreaming, yet in death he had become someone who was forgotten in an instance, indicating the little influence he had on the lives of so many.

Women In Medieval Europe

Women In Medieval atomic number 63I chose the topic of Women in Medieval Europe to write my essay almost. I will attempt to provide few basic knowledge about how the lives of women were very difficult during this time. Some things that will be discussed are the submissions women had to give to men. To start this essay I ask a number of questions, the first one is as followsWhat type of work did women do during this consummation?Women that were from p everyplacety stricken homes would wealthy person to go out and work with their husbands to bring in more income because his alone was not enough to support their household delinquent to women having multiple children. Women would help their husbands haul hay or plow fields. Poor women did not have shoes to wear so they walked around barefooted and during the overwinter they would not have any winter clothes to keep them warm so they would wrap themselves in sheets to protect them from the cold. They likewise took their children to work with them because they could not abide nannies like the wealthy class could.How was life different for wealthy women during this time?As with any culture having money always gives you more advantages. Although wealthy women had to adjust the same things, such as not speaking unless you were spoken to or only if it was approved by a man first and obey the men. Women of higher(prenominal) classes had jobs to do as well some would have to help run their businesses and if their multiple businesses or properties that the family owned then she would have to help her husband over see them too. Of course they could afford to hire workers but there were somethings that had to be handled by them someoneally. If the womens husband passed away, then everything was left entirely up to her to take assistance of. Wealthy women had more advantages even when it came to caring for their children. They had the luxury of hiring nannies for this job. The nannies would even breast-feed their ba bies for them.Why would women in this time become a Nun?Women became nuns in this time because this was a way they could originate an education and gain some rights. This was especially popular for the lower class women because this was their only hope of explicateting a proper education. adequate a nun meant that she would have to be celibate and the chance of having children would be lost. By becoming a nun women grew their own crops and had their own house. With the education that was provided, they were also able to pursue careers. Many of the poor families that had multiple daughters would make their daughter become a nun because they could not afford to raise them and to ensure that they would get an education. The with child(p) side of this was that once you became a nun it was forbidden for you to leave or have children. Back in this time it was state that a cleaning woman that could not or would not bear a mans child was of no use at all.What happened to unwed women du ring this time?Un hook up with women that owned land or multiple properties were considered to have the same rights as men. But if and or when she did get get hitched with, then she was forced to give her husband all of her properties and she gave up her rights.Women that were not married could wear their hair down but the women that were married had to wear their hair in a linen wimple to cover her hair up because this showed sign of modesty.Women were not able to pick their husbands. Men were able to pick their wives at times. Marriages were very carefully arranged by family members. Marriages were not based on love or emotions. Families would try and arrange marriages between their daughters and sons based on economic factors. These factors would be if they had their own land, if they owned their business or if they come from a wealthy family. So once again money had a great deal to do with influences with other people. It was really a marriage of property and money that the chu rch integrated and the families would have a very large crowd of well known people to witness this occasion. This was commonly between the wealthy people but what about marriages between the poor women? The poverty stricken women and men normally married who they pleased because they had nothing to gain or lose. The legal age to get married in the medieval days was 12 for girls and 14 for boys. This was a common age to be married back then because of the expected life span. due(p) to lack of medical care and medicine, people died at a much younger age than they do today. There were very few reasons that the couple could get divorced. Some of the reasons they could get divorced were if they were not Christians, they were not of legal age, if they had previous promises to another person or the woman could not perform sexual relations. Women had to pass on to their husbands whenever he desired for her to.Were there any powerful women during this time?One person could sum this questi on up and that is Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc was considered a heroic solve in France. She cloaked herself as a boy to join the army and became one of the most famous leaders. Women were not delivered to join the army and that is the reason she disguised herself as a boy. Joan had said that she had visions from God and he was calling her to be a warrior. There were other famous women such as Hildegard of Bingen who was considered to be a very famous writer of sacred music in the middle ages, Christine de Pizan was a famous writer and feminist one of her more popular books were The entertain of the City of Ladies and last but not least there was Lady Godiva, she was the woman famous for riding nude on a horse by the town of Coventry. She wanted to prove that the towns people were honorable and would not look at her being naked. There were a number of much respected promote during this time, as well as a number of princesses.Final question that runs through my mind is was it really that bad for women?My answer would be yes it was extremely bad for women. Women had absolutely no rights at all. Any man in the family could tell her to do something and she had to do it. If she did not do what she was asked to do then she was badly beaten. It was said that a woman that did not obey was disobeying God.A woman had to give up her land and rights to the man she married. Also women were not even allowed to pick the person they were to marry. Imagine if it was the same way today So many women are so outspoken and very independent that we couldnt even think about a man running our entire lives. Not only not being able to speak or do what we want to do but to be badly beaten just because we choose not to. Women were also very often accused of doing very awful things. Some of the accusations were practicing witchery women would be hack at the stake for this.ConclusionThe conclusion for my essay is that with all of the research that I have done to see what the lives were l ike for women during the Medieval Period, I have found that their lives did seem extremely hard and unfair. To justify wherefore this may have been, many would say Christianity. Eve was perceived as the trouble maker and then there was the impurity that many men thought women had because of menstrual cycles. While Christianity might have played a role as to why men thought they could treat women this way, it also provided protection for women as well. It did not allow divorce for any given reason (as it is today). It also did not allow the men to kill their wives. Sure they were able to beat them within an inch of their life but at least they did get to keep their life. There were some kings that treated women fairly and had a great deal of respect for them but there were not a lot of them.But this was well over a thousand years ago and a lot of things have changed since that time. I am personally, very grateful that they have changed

Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate

Effect of Ocean conveyor Belt on global ClimateMarie Claire Attard BasonDiscuss the nautical conveyor belt system and its implications on global climateWithout the ocean, life on earth will be impossible. When viewed from outer-space, our orbiter is covered with water supply water which is incessantly in constant motion. The ocean covers 71 % of the earth, where 6% of it is covered by sea ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies, 2001). These mentioned factors make the ocean an important key factor in the transfer of heat energy around the planet. This movement of through ocean currents affect the local weather and temperature to just about extremes, which effects also the stabilization of global climatic patterns, the delivery of nutrients and larva to marine ecosystems and many more (Cowan, National Geographic,http// bringing up.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1, n.d). Moreover, in total, 81 % of the earths surface is covered by liquid wat er including lakes and rivers as well, and covered by solid water which embarrasss snow and land ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies , 2001). One should starting understand some of the major properties of the oceans and the types of circulations and currents that exist, than understand the effect of heat transfer called the Thermohaline Circulation or known as the Conveyor belt, its implications on the climate and anthropogenic influences. graduation and foremost, the ocean circulation is generally classified into twain conk outs a wind-driven circulation that influences the upper part of the ocean system, hundreds of meters up, and the other is a density-driven circulation that influences the bottom part. The major wind currents include the sub-tropical and sub-polar, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the equatorial currents (Grinsted, 2005). Moreover, this system is called the Thermohaline circulation, because of its role in heating, engine cooling system and salinific ation. These roles effect the production of the regional density within the ocean (Toggweiler Key, 2001). To explain this fulfil in a much better way, the conveyor belt is the ocean circulation system that is driven by changes of heat and freshwater across the sea surface, afterward the heat and salt are mixed together. This is a driving mechanism (Rahmstrof, 2006).Secondly, the Thermohaline circulation is seen in the sinking phase, and interestingly enough, there is the formation of new buddy-buddy water in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. No one exactly knows the whereabouts of the upwelling zones (Rahmstrof, 2006) as the conveyor system has no end (as seen on Fig. 1), but then, in the polar seas near Greenland, there are cold winds from the northern of Canada that cools the surface waters and thus creates sea ice formation (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf, n,d).Fig. 1 Shows the Conveyor Belt pattern and transfer of currentsThe proces s of ice formation is linked to evaporation. With the rising temperature, the sea compresses out the salt from the forming ice. When this process occurs, the surrounding waters endure saltier and even more denser. Then, this dense water sinks to the bottom and flows along to the North and South America direction. When this approaches Antarctica, it surrounds the continent and meets with the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This process continues on when then flow flows towards the north into the ocean basins where gradually it mixes with warmer waters present at that site, therefore it rises to the surface in the Pacific Ocean. From there, it makes its way binding to the Atlantic and becomes part of the wind driven surface currents eventually returning to the Greenland seas to begin the process again(ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf, n,d).In 1751, the first measurement of plentiful ocean temperatures was recorded by a ship captain of an English tradi ng ship, when he discovered that the water underneath his ship, about a ml below his ship was very cold, despite the location he was at a sub-tropic location. In 1797, again yet another Englishman named Benjamin Thompson, came up with an accurately explanation on this discovery about cold currents coming from the poles. The difference between Thermohaline and wind driven circulation was distinguished in the 19th-Century, during an argument regarding ocean currents. It was unbelief as well weather or not these two processes happen when the wind pushes along the water or else if they are convection currents due to heating and cooling processes. It is important to note that both processes are combined in non-linear way, meaning that both cannot be separated by oceanographic measurements. That is why there are two obvious mechanisms of force, and n either are uniquely separable circulations. Moreover, if changed, the Thermohaline circulation will also change the wind driven currents ( Rahmstrof, 2006).The Atlantic Ocean is the most powerful Thermohaline circulation in the oceans today. The conveyor belt roughly estimates at 15106 m3 of upper ocean water into deep water (Toggweiler Key, 2001) where currents typically extend down up to 1-2km depth, although wind single directly drives between 50m to 200m (Grinsted, 2005). Generally, the flow in the upper part of the conveyor mostly passes through the Florida Straits and up to the east coast of North America, which forms part of the Gulfstream (Toggweiler Key, 2001). However, one disadvantage may include climate change which is likely to weaken the Thermohaline circulation in the future, with some risk of triggering sudden changes, some of which can be unexpected, that may be irreversible (Rahmstrof, 2006).In Recent course of instructions, there have been numerous newspaper reports, articles on magazines and television documentaries that covered this topic involving concerning threatening scenarios of the Atlant ic Thermohaline circulation being breakdown. If this is the case, than this affects and collapses the northern European agriculture and fisheries, and also glaciers will move very fast on Scandinavia and Scotland waters. Irreversible changes are set to be interpreted very seriously in the discussion on climate change effected by humans. (Rahmstorf, 2000). The Southern Oscillation is the most prominent year to year climate variability that exists in the world. It is associated with many risks such as fluctuations on atmospheric pressures at sea level point in the tropic regions, a downpour of rainfall, and cold winter circulation over the North of America and other parts of the extra-tropic regions. When this Southern Oscillation was recognized in the late 1960s, this was related to the pelagic phenomenon- El Nino (Rasmusson Wallace, 1983). Events concerning El Nino have instances which creates serious consequences for climate and ocean ecosystem. The 1982- 1983 El Nino was perhaps one of the strongest that happened. The El Nino Events, have been documented as far cover version as 1826 and they are usually followed by professionals that constantly keep and eye on any predictable patter when they occur about once each 4 years (Cane, 1983).The conveyor belt can be affected by global warming in two different ways either by warming the surface or else by freshening up the surface. This effect will reduce the density of high-latitude water surfaces waters and therefore inhibits a deep formation in water (Rahmstorf, 2006). Our planet cannot lose all of its water from its surface reservoirs due to sub-duction processes. After an approximate of 1Billion years, only between 25- 30% of the impudently generated ocean will be subducted into the mantle. It is also said by many scientists and geographers that in the far future, if the foreign forces are left separately, than the surface reservoirs will be kept in a steady state. Chances for the Earths ocean lie in the f aith of external forcing. Unfortunately, all water could disappear as a result of increasing levels the temperature, globally, caused by the total of power generated from the Sun to space (Bounama, Franck von Bloh, 2001)How long will it take before the entire Earth dries up from its waters completely? There is still no certain answer to this. Results from studies done by Lovelock Whitfield (1982) show that liquid water will be always available in surface reservoirs as a result of internal processes, however, the extinction of the biosphere will be caused by other limiting factors caused by external forces.).(Bounama, Franck and von Bloh, 2001)ReferencesBounama, C., Franck, S., Bloh, W. v. (1999). The fate of Earths ocean.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,5(4), 569-576.Cane, M. A. (1983). Oceanographic events during el nino.Science,222(4629), 1189-1195.Cowan, A. M.Ocean currents and climate A roller coaster analogy to the ocean conveyor belt Retrieved December, 29th, 2013, fromh ttp//education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1Environmental Literacy Framework. (). Global ocean conveyor belt. Message posted towww.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdfGrinsted, A. (2005). The thermohaline circulation.Lovelock, J. E., Whitfield, M. (1982). Life span of the biosphere.Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation A system with dangerous thresholds?climatic Change,46(3), 247-256.Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256.Rasmusson, E. M., Wallace, J. M. (1983). Meteorological aspects of the el Nino/southern oscillation.Science,222(4629), 1195-1202.Siedler, G., Church, J., Gould, J., Griffies, S. (2001).Ocean circulation and climate Observing and modelling the global oceanAccess Online via Elsevier.Toggweiler, J., Key, R. M. (2001). Ocean circulation Thermohaline circulation.Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences,4, 1 549-1555.

The Management Of Tourism Distribution Channel

The Management Of touristry Distribution ChannelAfter the tourism scheme have intractable in selecting the diffusion avenue, the tourism organization much(prenominal) as hotel must implement and manage the dispersal that being choose in devote to elevate revenue. whence in statistical distribution channel management it includes selecting and motivating individual channel phalluss and in like manner evaluated their performance. For the hotel to generate higher revenue, they must work to absorbher with the intermediaries such as tour hooker and motive power agencies in term of sharing the information of the output.In order to effectively evaluate the potentiality of involving only retail live agencies instead of a combination of prompt agencies and tour operators, one must first examine what represent a tour operator and a travel agency. therefrom Hilton Hotel selected certain tour operator and travel agencies to selling their room based on their brand position thei r ability to reach the client such as Ping anchorage ground Travel Tours to promoting and selling the room for Hilton Hotel.The Ping anchorage is establish in 1990 and was the Malaysia professional tour operator that evoke the nature, people, culture and heritage of Malaysia. Till now the organization has been operate 21 years in the tourism industry as the tour operator. The offices placed in four different countries which be Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Kota Bharu. The organizations have raw mini coaches, tour coaches and speedboats run to get to whatchamacallum to the consumer to travel to the depot. These atomic number 18 to ensure providing the better function and ensure a great holiday to the consumer. The organization was recommended by the international travel guidebook such as Lonely Planet, Rough Guide, Stefan Loose, Insight Guide, japan Gio Glode Trotter, Thomas Cook. In addition the organization cooperated with all the hotels, resorts, and local operators. The organizations have recognized as the Malaysia best tour operator that win the Prestigious Malaysia Tourism Award in 2000 until 2009 such as Malaysia Best Tour Innovative 2009, The Best Domestic Tour Operator 2003, Malaysia Best Tour Program of impale Nature 2006, Malaysia Best Tour Program of Special Interest/Merit 2006 and The Best Inbound Tour Operator 2004.Hilton Hotel choosing Ping Anchorage based on the organization reputation beca usance the organization is familiar with the local market conditions and culture customs. This will give advantages to the Hilton Hotel to create a customer relationship and brand effrontery in the mind of the consumer. consequently it will drag Hilton Hotel to concentrate on the quality services. With the reputation and image of the Ping Anchorage it put up overhaul to enhance and selling the room of the Hilton Hotel toward consumer. The services and product the organization provided were the hotel online reservation, online transaction, comment by dint of online and information of the tourism product such as readjustments, transportation and entertainment. Therefore with the services provided by the Ping Anchorage the consumer can check the room rate of the Hilton Hotel by browser through the organization web site.In order to make sure the Ping Anchorage sustentations selling and promotes the Hilton Hotel, the hotel continually motivate it genus Phallus to perform their roles. There are incentive that commonly used by Hilton Hotel to motivate their intermediaries such as Ping Anchorage such as commission which Hilton will pay up to 10 percentage commission toward Ping Anchorage on all general public and other commissionable rates for selling the room. Other than that the Hilton Hotel to a fault provided Ping Anchorage with the reduces- outlays holidays. It is for the organization to snag at the hotel itself and give them an information and knowledge of the product and services that the hotel sell to the consumer. In addition it will help the Ping Anchorage to create the package that suitable for the hotel. Hilton Hotel also has big(p) approval right to the Ping Anchorage to use the hotel information in term of hotel history, facilities and services to promote in their website. In return it can promote the hotel to the consumer. Furthermore act of beyond Ping Anchorage authority is strictly prohibited for the organization to use.Mkumbo J. P. (2010) say that distribution channel performance is evaluated using mainly two criteria which were the business volume the distribution member and the profit margin made by the distribution member of distribution channel. Hilton Hotel evaluates the Ping Anchorage through the promotion that the organizations generate to increase the gross sales of the hotel booking. In addition Hilton Hotel evaluates Ping Anchorage performance as the intermediaries are essentially with the award that the organization gets throughout the year. With th e achievement of the organization it creates the brand trust for the Hilton Hotel to colorations with Ping Anchorage.Meanwhile Hotel Hilton also has their own website in order to consumer to booking the room. These for the consumer to deal directly to the Hilton Hotel without intermeddle with travel agencies and tour operator. Therefore profit has changed channel relationships surrounded by some types of customers, principals and intermediaries, and this process is continuing to evolve. Internet is cutting into the traditional intermediaries business. victimization ICT Hilton Hotel can move up and tighten supply chain relationships which reduce costs and bring higher quality travel products to the consumer. Other than that Hotel Hilton also can employ various price policies and loyalty programs that yield a higher price transparency and more user-friendly interfaces. With the evolving the reservation through the internet reservation organization (IRS) it will help Hilton Hotel to increase their percentage of people booking the room via internet.Using the IRS the Hilton Hotel can replacing the weaker member which is tour operator and travel agencies that can harm the effectiveness of the distribution body. By using the Hilton Hotel website perhaps it gives customer the opportunity to provided feedback regarding services quality of Hilton Hotel. Pearce G.D. (2009) evaluate that consideration of the strategy in evaluates and analysis can wait on distribution member in term old deciding the best distribution channel for their organization. hence it help to determine and facilitate the distribution member closely which convey might be expanded, reduced, added, abandoned, or mitigated.Identify the relationship between the member of tourism distribution channel such as travel retailers and operator, accommodation, airlines, and national holidaymaker organization in the market of tourist speech (local or broad).In the distribution channel there are relatio nship prove between members of distribution channel such as travel retailers and operator, accommodation, airlines, and national tourist organization in the marketing of tourist destination. In this study, the authors examine the shipway to increasing their effectiveness in marketing market Pan-Amazon ecotourism destinations based on the roles and function of travel agencies and tour operator because travel agencies and tour operators have a role in the marketing tours package between supplier, tourism destination and consumer. Tour operator is normally can be define as creating inclusive holidays which are combining the travel, accommodation, food, beverage, activities, entertainment and sightseeing. In addition some tour operators are specializing in certain particular product or destination. In tourism industry tour operator is focusing on huge volume of sales, offering attractive tour package and creating all-inclusive prices to generate high sales with low cost margins.Other than that travel agency is a business that sells a wide range of tourism related products and services to end-user customers on behalf of triad party travel suppliers. Travel agencies are without their own product, and modify the packages offered by producers to the wants of the consumer. There were arguing that arise saying that they are independent agencies. They retail to consumers on an individual basis. Thus, they are considered intermediaries in the hospitality distribution channel and are responsible for bringing customers to a product. Meanwhile the author say that ecotourism destination can be defined as sustaining and conservation of natural environment and culture heritage. This study investigates the function of Uakari Lodge in tourism distribution convey websites in order to measure how it ranks in these distribution channels, as good as to station key competitors to MamirauaIn this study it indicated that among the intermediaries such as travel agencies and tour operator that selling and promoting the ecotourism in Brazil, Mamiraua was the destination that have a higher rating in the ecotourism destination that visited by the tourist. This is due to the destination is basically international agencies and operators recognize as the profitable destination. Whereby Mamiraua demonstrates a good market image against other competitors such Peru and Ecuador in term of ecotourism destination. In addition in term of price competitive advantages also Mamiraua destination were enable for the travel agencies and tour operators to create and providing the tour package which tourist can visited the mountain, sea, jungle destination and used facilities at the lower prices compare to other destination.Throughout the study it indicated that tourist went through travel agencies and tour operator was slightly higher earlier than tourist that travel through backpackers or travel alone. This because by refereeing through the data in year 2009 about 56 percent of tourist travel through agencies but only 11 percent travel through backpackers because of the lack of knowledge about the ecotourism destination. Therefore it can be stated that with regard to the efforts to attract the traveler, the behavior of the distribution channels has been more passive sooner that active to marketing the Mamiraua as ecotourism destination. Whereby traveler looks for travel agencies and tour operator compare by searching through the internet to get the information about Mamiraua.With the finding, it giving the information for the Uakari Lodge which is the only place for accommodation to identify the behavior of the traveler and investigated the need for more advance web-based marketing and sales strategy in order to traveler to identify that Mamirau as ecotourism destination and stay at the Uakari Lodge. In this study also it indicated that the increased participation of travel agiencies and tour operator was not just due to the increased number of traveler that went to Mamiraua, but also increased the total number of travel agencies and tour operator that came to marketing the Mamiraua as ecotourism destination. This increase in the number of tourism distribution channels indicates a good positioning of Mamiraua in the ecotourism destination.Although there are increasing of participation of the travel agencies and tour operator, some issues occur whereby only 11 travel agencies and tour operator are sending the traveler to Ukari Lodge to stay overnight. Because working with a large number of travel agencies and tour operators barrier the capabilities of the Ukari Lodge to establish closer ties with all the travel agencies and tour operator in the distribution channel. Therefore it is important for the customer to understand the relationship between the destination marker and the travel agencies and tour operator so that the Uakari Lodge is sold toward traveler in line of marketing Mamiraua ecotourism destination. Furthermore it is i mportant to proctor the level of visitor satisfaction in order improving the strategical of increasing the number of distribution channel that can related to marketing the Mamiraua as ecotourism destination.Therefore the emerging of the internet can reacts as the alternative intermediaries. By using the internet it enables direct communication between the tourism supplier and the consumer. Therefore it can be as a medium to reduce the conflict that arises. Therefore internet can changed the distribution channel relationships between some types of customers, principals and intermediaries. For the tourism supplier by using the internet it can be as method to reduce the distribution cost of deliver the product and services toward the consumer. in advance emerging the ICT as the alternative intermediaries, tourism supplier are burden by the high cost of intermediaries commission and the cost of GDS that being charge to the tourism supplier.However, using the Internet for marketing app lications is not without costs. There can be significant hardware, software and human resource costs attached to break uping and operate a direct to- customer distribution strategy. The process of cutting out the intermediary is called disintermediation, and accommodation providers clearly favor this approach. However, the role of the intermediary is well open up the major tour operators and travel agents organize travel and accommodation for millions of tourists every year. Intermediaries are obviously aware of the threat posed by the Internet, but they also embrace the Internet as a tool for communicating with their own customers.Kazandzhieva (2010) noted there are advantages and disadvantage of ICT in the distribution channel. For the disadvantages of using the internet as a trade the author have stated several disadvantages which is lower security services level. The consumer fell afraid to giving their profile and citation card number to the travel agencies to make the tran saction. Other than that the services that provided by the agencies are intangible product and the consumer rely on the services and information that provided through the internet. The consumer also always misunderstood with the low price that promote through internet. For Example the consumer Air Asia buying and booking the airlines ticket via internet. Meanwhile consumer is lack of justification against unconscientiously actions because every country there is different in national legislation. In addition most of the consumer prefer to shop and purchasing the product via intermediaries that are well establish and recognized on the market. This because consumer already know the services and the quality that provided by the establish travel agencies.About the advantages using the internet toward the travel agencies stated by the researcher were the using the electronic commerce it can help to optimizing the travel agencies activities by creating different approaches to electronic p urchase and sale to giving the consumer convenience to purchasing the tourism product. By using the internet the tour operator can promote their product and price through the internet. Therefore it makes the consumer known about the new package that being created by the travel agencies. In addition using the internet it can direct the intermediaries such as travel agencies toward modern operation, type of tourism, and destination when the necessity of the consulting and information services.IntroductionTourism industry is very competitive businesses which generate increase of demand and supply in tourism product. Many individual, enterprise and government indentify the opportunity of tourism to generate income. As the result of umpteen tourism suppliers in the market it creates a competition among them. Therefore tourism supplier needs to take an effective and efficient strategic approach to distribute their product and services in order to survive in tourism industry.The distribut ion channel can be defined as the entire of cooperating organization that helps to ensure the consumer can use a product. Jafari (0000) define as crosstieages between actual and potential tourist and the supplier by using the distribution channel system. The system maybe categorize either direct system which is from producer to the seller which is consumer can by directly airlines ticket through the counter or indirect from consumer through an intermediaries which by using travel agencies or wholesalers to purchase the holiday package. Therefore tourism services supplier can choose either this two distribution system to selling their product to the consumer.Therefore the distribution channel concept is easily to understand but in the real world it was extremely complicated for the large organization. The function of distribution is to assist the consumer to search for the information regarding the product and to make purchasing of the product simple. Meanwhile in distribution chann el travel agents, tour wholesalers, and specialist act as the intermediaries. For example travel agent and tour operator serve the consumer to choose the travel product such as accommodation, transportation, restaurant and entertainment. By providing the serve, they basically get the revenue by charging the commission from the booking of the hotel. For example accommodation like hotel companies need distribution channel to reach their entire potential consumer in order to fill their room reservation.In distribution channel the relationship between distribution members is complex, especially for the organization likes hotel that depending to the travel agencies and tour operator to generate their sales. accordingly the information communication technology (ICT) takes part as important roles in distribution system because ICT is a medium that will evolve the distribution channel in term of development of computerized system. But the theories of distribution are the same despite it u sing the ICT as intermediaries.The evolution of ICT and electronic commerce continue to improve in distribution channel of hospitality and tourism industry. It depends on the size of the business and market segmentation. Meanwhile accommodation such as hotel needs to use intermediaries to obtain advance booking to generate occupancy. But with the high cost of distribution force the distribution member to look for alternatives such as develop their own website to marketing their product and services. Therefore it will make the distribution member not depending on the intermediaries. With emerging of the ICT such as internet it has bewilder an important toll in the distribution channel and help hotels to reduce their distribution cost. Nevertheless the roles of travel agencies and tour operator as the intermediaries are await important for the distribution members to generate sales and promote their product.ConclusionAs conclusion the tourism distribution channel is an operating str ucture, system or link of various combination of travel organization. These travel organizations create a travel package and make arrangement for the consumer. It has two purposes to make sure their consumer obtains information they need in choosing a trip and to make the necessary reservation after they made a choice. Tourism distribution channel can be categories in two type of channel which is direct and indirect. There are three types of travel intermediaries which are travel agents, tour operator and specialty intermediaries. The roles of travel agencies are to organize tour package which sold to consumer through retail agents. It is not directly sells to the consumer. There are the three distribution channel are product supplier to consumer channel, product to supplier to travel agent to consumer channel and the product supplier to tour operator.Meanwhile the distribution system is an important component of the marketing mix. The chosen system of distribution will affect the p arts of the marketing mix such as the product, the promotion strategy and the pricing policy. In distribution channel management it includes selecting and motivating individual channel members and also evaluated their performance. The Ping Anchorage is tour operators which have establish 21 years in the industries. It located in four different countries which are Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Kota Bharu. In order to make sure the travel agent continues to generate sales for the hotel Hilton, the hotel giving 10 percent commission to the Ping Anchorage. Beside that Hilton Hotel evaluate Ping Anchorage the promotion that the organizations generate to increase the sales of the hotel booking. Hotel Hilton also has their own website in order to consumer to booking the room. Using ICT Hilton Hotel can develop and tighten supply chain relationships which reduce costs and bring higher quality travel products to the consumer. Therefore the internet reservation system (IRS) it wi ll help Hilton Hotel to increase their percentage of people booking the room via internetThroughout marketing the Pan-Amazon ecotourism destinations is basically based on the roles and function of travel agencies and tour operator. It related to the relationship between the members of tourism distribution channel in the marketing of tourist destination.RecommendationBuhalis (2000) acknowledge that the distribution member should keep the record of different channel which being use for the purpose of evaluating and measuring channel performance since distribution decisions are critical for tourism industry because its puzzle out the entire marketing mix because it reduces the cost and increasing the revenue toward the distribution member such as hotel. In addition tourism distribution channels difference according to product, industry structure and countries. Therefore with the consideration it can make a huge difference in the hotel competitive advantages.Fu and Zhang (2010) noted i n order to determine the effective and efficient of the distribution channel that used by the distribution member they should implement the distributors star rating system. Under this strategic approach the tourism organization can recognize which tour operator or travel agencies that perform well in generating sales and promoting the distribution member. With this the distribution member can rely only on the intermediaries that achieve the higher star rating.The authors also acknowledged that in order ensuring the relationship between distribution member and the intermediaries, the distribution member should pay regular visits to the intermediaries such as travel agencies and tour operator in order to strengthen the bond giving the support between them. Therefore it ensure that the distribution member realize the issues that occur and can give consultation when dealing the encounter the problem rather than ignore their intermediaries.Distribution member like hotel should implement the variety of promotions using the ICT to across the border of country because many consumers get the information about accommodation via internet. Social media sites are growing fast and being used to distribute the tourism product and services. In addition the most popular sites that addressing attention of consumer audiences are Facebook and Twitter. The distribution member should make used of the twitter to post special offer, information, suggestion, links and advices to the consumer. With this strategy it can increase the selling the product of the distribution member and delivery the information to the consumer.With the emerging of the mobile technology it can play important role in distribution channel for tourism and travel industry. This is because many corporate travelers are likely to be carrying their mobile which is Smartphone that will enable them to gaining access information regarding visitor attractions, restaurant, transportation and accommodations. Therefore wit h existing of the mobile technology it allowed hotel to create mobile specifies sites with booking capabilities which create a new channel to distribution the product and services.

Their eyes were watching God :: Zora Neale Hurston

Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story of many dreams and ambitions that were setback due to the bondage age. Nanny, Janies grandmother, being a slave in her youth is an example of this fact. Always wishing for what she couldve had, she tries to stress to Janie the importance of freedom. Although Nanny dies after the first couple of chapters, it is seen end-to-end the book that other characters that counteract with Janie, have common thoughts and emphasize on the idea that Nanny unmatcheds had. When it comes to love Nanny believed that wealthiness and protection came before the effective meaning of love, the idea that a strong emotional bond exists between a man and a adult female. As much as Nanny cared for Janie and what she stands for, she valued Janie to marry a man who can give her a demeanortime of luxury and protection. This idea only stands due to the fact that Nanny never had this in her life, being a slavery made her always fight for what she had and look out for her well-being as well as her children?s. Consequently Nanny grew to statement the idea to Janie that marriage should be about power, wealth, and protection even if the emotional part of the relationship doesn?t exist. Janie marries Logan Killicks for she believes he offers protection, she then marries Jody Starks for she believes he brings vibrant wealth and power, but not so much do these two bring emotional bond Janie utterly desires and as a result Janie spends the rest of her life trying to experience the emotional side of love. Logan Killicks was Janie?s first husband. He was chosen by Nanny because she thought he offered a black woman everything she would want, a lifetime protection from the outside world. Logan was an older man who knew what was good and what was bad just as Nanny did. He wanted Janie to love him and get hold his importance because he offered her a home in which she can feel safe. Nanny being forced to have sex with her master at an primaeval age as a result gave her Leafy. Furthermore Leafy was raped at an early age as well which brought about Janie. From these two facts one can conclude that Nanny feared the idea that Janie can be a repeating cycle of her and her child Leafy, thus giving Janie?